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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. Unit 6 Industrialization – United States - Imperialism. Major technologies that have radically changed our culture. Agriculture The printing press The Industrial Revolution The World Wide Web. The Agricultural Revolution
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Major technologies that have radically changed our culture • Agriculture • The printing press • The Industrial Revolution • The World Wide Web
The Agricultural Revolution The Agricultural Revolution occurred between 1750 and 1900 when the way in which farmers produced food in this country changed. In 1750 most people lived and worked in villages producing food. As the country went through the Industrial Revolution though it was necessary to increase the amount of food grown. This was because the population was increasing quite rapidly. In the early part of the eighteenth century most farmers had strips of land that they would grow their food on. This system had many disadvantages. Banks of earth separating the strips were wasted land, drainage was poor and because the farmers new little about fertilizers they had to leave land fallow (unused) every four years.
It can be argued that there was no Agricultural Revolution as the changes in farming were gradual. By the early nineteenth century farmers were beginning to use the Norfolk Crop rotation system. This system meant that no land had to remain fallow. The system worked like this: Each area of land would be split into four sections. The crop that was grown on each field would be rotated so that different nutrients would be taken from the land. In the first year turnips or another root crop would be grown; in the second year barley was grown in the field (barley could be sold at a profit); in the third year clover or a grass crop was grown and in the fourth year wheat was grown in the field (wheat could also be sold for a profit). As the demand for food increased people began to make improvements to the types of machines used on farms. A seed drill and threshing machine being amongst the first new inventions to help farmers. Inventions such as these, along with the enclosureof fields, helped agriculture to develop rapidly and produce enough food for the growing population.
To understand how and why the Industrial Revolution occurred, one must comprehend its origins and foundation.
Two Major “Revolutions” Occurred in Human Development AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION 10,000 BC • Domestication of plants and animals • Ultimately resulted in a huge increase in human population • Greatly accelerated modification of the physical environment • Resulted in major cultural readjustments
The “Agricultural Revolution” New Technology Modern, Mechanized, “Scientific” Farming (19th Century)
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION • Enclosure – 2 important results pg. 633 • Advances in farming efficiency and in productivity Charles “Turnip” Townsend (1674-1738) Jethro Tull (1674-1741) • Agricultural improvements: new crops • New livestock breeding and feeding techniques
Results of Agricultural Revolution • Wool yield increased due to better care of animals and selective breeding • More wool was available for textile industry at less cost (promoted competition) Early material for clothes was wool - COTTON will replace wool • Ready workforce available • Labor was cheap and mobile (every job - 10 workers available) – cut-throat wages • Urbanization – growth of cities, doubling, tripling in size
RESULTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION • Crop yield increased • Enough food available for people in cities • Falling food prices meant more money to spend on consumer goods – What about today? • Healthier population meant decline in death rate, especially in infants – live longer • Population of England doubled from 5m to nearly 10m between 1700 and 1801
How did the Agricultural Revolution set the stage for the Industrial Revolution? Steady Diet Population Growth Inventions Higher Standards of living
The Industrial Revolution Change is inevitable in a progressive society. Change is constant. - Benjamin Distraeli, 1867
The IR is when people stopped making goods at home. Cottage Industry
Origins: Industrial Production The Industrial Revolution started in England around 1733 with the first cotton mill. As new inventions were being created, factories followedsoon thereafter. England wanted to keep its industrialization a secret, so they prohibited anyone who had worked in a factory to leave the country. Meanwhile, Americans offered a significant reward to anyone who could build a cotton-spinning machine in the United States. Samuel Slater, who had been an apprentice in an English cotton factory, disguised himself and came to America. Once here, he reconstructed a cotton-spinning machine from memory. He then proceeded to build a factory of his own. The Industrial Revolution had arrived in the United States.
Industrial Revolution Stages • First Industrial Revolution 1760-1880 Steam, industrial production, railway, telegraph • Second Industrial Revolution 1880-1960 Electricity, chemical industries Car, telephone, radio, television • Third Industrial Revolution 1960- Information and Communication Technologies Computer, digital networks, PC, cellular Knowledge as an input in production that has increasing marginal productivity
Industrial Revolution • Involves a series of inventions leading to the use of machines and inanimate power in the manufacturing process • Suddenly whole societies could engage in seemingly limitless multiplication of goods and services • Rapid bursts of human inventiveness followed • Gigantic population increases
Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution • In what country did the IndustrialRevolution begin? Great Britain • What were the causes of the I. R.? Expanding Atlantic economy Expansion of the British Empire • What natural conditions were favorable in G.B. for the I.R. to occur? Coal Iron Waterways
Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution(cont’d) • What financial conditions were in place in Great Britain in order for the I.R. to be successful? Central banking system Well developed credit markets Capital = $$$$ • What political conditions were in place in G.B.? Political stability – Constitutional Monarchy Positive attitude – Military and political success Economic growth – laws passed to protect businesses No internal tariffs (taxes)
Power Sources • Water –waterwheel –Problems? • Steam power - The steam engine was not just a transportation device. It ran entire factories the way rivers used to. Coal – mining • Electrical
What triggered the take-off? • Revolutionary inventions in textiles: • John Kay’s Flying shuttle (1733) • James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny (1768) • Richard Arkwright’s Water frame (1769) • Samuel Crompton’s Spinning Mule (1779) • Edmund Cartwright’s Power loom (1785)
James Hargreaves’ spinning jenny (1764) • Richard Arkwright’s water frame
Samuel Crompton’s Spinning Mule (1779) Edmund Cartwright’s Power loom (1785) Concept – Machine got bigger and faster and more efficient
Major Technological Advances • Factory system developed in 1770’s by Richard Arkwright • One roof • Central Source of Power • Division of Labor
Harbors Turnpikes TRANSPORTATION Railroads Canals Bridges
ECONOMIC BELIEFS • Capitalism and Socialism • Capitalism • Resources and labor are privately owned • Three basic ideals: private property, maximal profits, free competition • In the US and Japan • Socialism • State owns the means of production • Basic idea: providing for everyone’s basic needs is more important than making a few people rich • China, Vietnam and Cuba
New Ideas • Adam Smith and Laissez-faire • Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo: overpopulation • Jeremy Bentham, Friedrich List: state management of social problems • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels – Communist Manifesto
David Ricardo“law of wages” Workers will never earn much more than minimum wage. With population growth the work force constantly grows – competition for wages therefore wages will always be low
Industrialization Brings Problems CHILD LABOR
The youngest children in the textile factories were usually employed as scavengers and piecers. Scavengers had to pick up the loose cotton from under the machinery. This was extremely dangerous as the children were expected to carry out the task while the machine was still working.
Treatment The treatment of children in factories was often cruel and unusual, and the children's safety was generally neglected. The youngest children, who were not old enough to work the machines, were commonly sent to be assistants to textile workers. The people who the children served would beat them, verbally abuse them, and take no consideration for their safety. Both boys and girls who worked in factories were subject to beatings and other harsh forms of pain infliction. One common punishment for being late or not working up to quota would be to be "weighted." An overseer would tie a heavy weight to a worker's neck, and have them walk up and down the factory aisles so the other children could see them and "take example." This could last up to an hour. Weighting could lead to serious injuries in the back and/or neck. Punishments such as this would often be dispensed under stringent rules. Boys were sometimes dragged naked from their beds and sent to the factories only holding their clothes, to be put on there. This was to make sure the boys would not be late, even by a few minutes.
The children also signed a contract with Courtauld that bound them to the mill until the age of 21. This helped to reduce Courtauld's labor costs. Whereas adult males at Courtauld's mills earned 7s. 2d., children under 11 received only 1s. 5d. a week.
Wages and Hours Children as young as six years old during the industrial revolution worked hard hours for little or no pay. Children sometimes worked up to 19 hours a day, with a one-hour total break. This was a little bit on the extreme, but it was not common for children who worked in factories to work 12-14 hours with the same minimal breaks. Not only were these children subject to long hours, but also, they were in horrible conditions. Large, heavy, and dangerous equipment was very common for children to be using or working near. Many accidents occurred injuring or killing children on the job. Not until the Factory Act of 1833 did things improve. Children were paid only a fraction of what an adult would get, and sometimes factory owners would get away with paying them nothing. Orphans were the ones subject to this slave-like labor. The factory owners justified their absence of payroll by saying that they gave the orphans food, shelter, and clothing, all of which were far below par. The children who did get paid were paid very little. One boy explained this payment system: "They [boys of eight years] used to get 3d [d is the abbreviation for pence] or 4d a day.
University 21st Century Child Labor
This picture is a young Indian child's hand. The child is a carpet weaver. Agriculture is the most common form of work.
Industrialization is still taking place today: • Massive, often unsettling, remodeling of the environment • Today, few lands remain largely untouched by its machines, factories, transportation devices, and communication techniques • On an individual level, no facet of North American life remains unaffected • Just about every object and every event in your life is affected, if not actually created, by the Industrial Revolution
