1 / 67

Grammar notebook part five special structures

Grammar notebook part five special structures. Infinitives, participles, gerunds and gerundives, rhetorical techniques. Infinitives. Present Active 2 nd principal part of the verb Usually ends with “re” Translate as “to + verb” Present Passive

inez
Download Presentation

Grammar notebook part five special structures

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Grammar notebook part five special structures Infinitives, participles, gerunds and gerundives, rhetorical techniques

  2. Infinitives • Present Active • 2nd principal part of the verb • Usually ends with “re” • Translate as “to + verb” • Present Passive • Begin with present active infinitive, remove “e” and add “i“ • E.g. Amare = amari • 3rd conjugation (ere) remove “ere” add “i” • E.g. Ducere = duci • Basic translation: to be _______ed

  3. Possible confusion with “re” • “ere” can be substituted for “erunt” in the perfect active tense • amaverunt = amavere • If the “ere” is attached to the third principal part of a verb, it is not an infinitive. • Remember that many third principal parts end with “u” or “v” or “s” or “x”; this will help you recognize this alternate form.

  4. Perfect active Infinitives • Start with the third principal part • Remove the “i” • Add “isse” • amavisse • Translation : to have ________ • most commonly used in indirect statements • Scivit se interfecissesuumamicum • He knew that he had killed his friend

  5. Perfect active Infinitives • Start with the third principal part • Remove the “i” • Add “isse” • amavisse • Translation : to have ________ • most commonly used in indirect statements • Scivit se interfecissesuumamicum • He knew that he had killed his friend

  6. Perfect Passive Infinitives • Begin with the 4th principal part • Remove the “us” or “um” whichever is there. • You will have to adjust this part to agree with whoever is receiving the action; most commonly it will be accusative because of the indirect statement • UM/OS MASCULINE • AM/AS FEMININIE • UM/A NEUTER • Add “esse” as a separate part • amatamesse to have been loved • Most commonly used in indirect statement • Scivitsuumamicuminterfectumesse a se. • He knew that his friend had been killed by him.

  7. Future Active Infinitive • Begin with the fourth principal part. • Remove the “us” and add”ur”; you will have to adjust this part to agree with whoever is doing the action. It will usually be accusative because of the indirect statement. • UM/OS MASCULINE • AM/AS FEMININE • UM/A NEUTER • Add “esse” as a separate part. • amaturamesse to be about to love • Translation “to be about to_________”

  8. Uses of the Infinitive Historical, subjective, objective, complementary, and the indirect statement

  9. Historical infinitives • usually used for a series of actions • translated as an imperfect tense verb to show a continuous series • example • Feminaambulare de via, virimirari, omnesviricadere in fossam. • The woman was walking down the street, the men were amazed, all the men fell into the ditch.

  10. Infinitive Usage • Complementary Infinitives • Completes the meaning of an incomplete verb • Most commonly used with • Possum be able, can • Volo, nolo, malo wish, don’t wish, prefer • Cupio wish • Debeo ought, owe • Coepi begin • Necesseest it is necessary • Et al.

  11. Subjective Infinitives • functions as the subject of the sentence • grammatically treated as a neuter singular noun • in English can be translated as a gerund or an infinitive • Example • Errareesthumanum. • To err is human.

  12. Objective Infinitives • functions like a direct object • most commonly used with iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus • treated like a neuter noun • example • Iubeodisciplinosstudere. • I order the students to study.

  13. Complementary Infinitives • complete the meaning of an incomplete verb • most commonly used with a form of possum, debeo, paro, coepit, volo, nolo, cupio, incipio, necesseest, prohibeo and many other verbs that leave the reader hanging as to what is happening • example PliniuspoteratvidereMontemVesusium de suamvillam. Pliny was able to see Mount Vesuvius from his home.

  14. Example • Necesseestaudire Roberto. • It is necessary for Robert to listen • PotestaudireRobertus. • Robert is able to listen.

  15. The Indirect Statement • used to report a statement • follows a verb of mental action such as saying, thinking, understanding, knowing, perceiving, et al. • subject of the indirect statement will used the accusative • verb of the indirect statement will be an infinitive • example • Scio Caesaremmortuusesse. • I know that Caesar is dead.

  16. The Infinitive of the Indirect Statement • The choice of the tense of the infinitive is relative to the main verb • same time = present • before = perfect • after = future • The first part of the perfect passive and future active infinitive will be in the accusative and will agree with the accusative subject.

  17. Examples • scioeum stare in via. • I know he is standing in the road. • same time • Scio eumstetisse in via. • I know that he was standing in the road. • before • Scio eumstaturumesse in via. • I know that he will stand in the road. • after

  18. Indirect Statement issues • The subject cannot be left understood; the accusative noun must be there. • If the subject of the indirect statement is the same as the main clause, you will use the reflexive pronoun. • example • Caesar scivit se debere non ferreCleopatramRomam. • Caesar knew that he ought not to bring Cleopatra to Rome • debere is the indirect statemnent; ferre in complmentary, se is the subject accusative reflexive.

  19. Infinitives Issue #2 • A LATIN infinitive cannot ever be used to show purpose. To show purpose, you must use a subjunctive or a gerund/gerundive. • Example • I went to the store to buy shoes. • Ivi ad tabernamutemeremsoleas.

  20. Participles What they are, what they do, and how you make and use them

  21. What is a participle? • Verbal adjective • A hybrid-type adjective built from a verb • As an adjective, it describes a noun or pronoun and must agree in gender, number, and case • The captured slaves were going to the arena for the lions. • Captured tells you which slaves and must agree with slaves in gender, number, and case. In this sentence it would be masculine, nominative plural. • Captiservi ad arenamleonibusibant.

  22. Participles Definition continued • As a verb, a participle retains the idea of an action. • Captiservi ad arenamleonibusibant. • Multi servi ad arenamleonibusibant. • Captured is something you can do as opposed to many. You cannot many.

  23. Verbal qualities of Participles: Tense • As a verb, a participle has tense. • Participles come in three tenses: Perfect, Present, and Future

  24. Perfect tense • Perfect happens before the main verb • The lions ate the captured slaves. • Leones captos servos consumpserunt. • The slaves had already been captured before the lions ate them.

  25. Present tense Present happens at the same time as the main verb. The lions were chasing the fleeing slaves. Leones fugientes servos agitabant. The lions were chasing the slaves as they were fleeing

  26. Future Tense • Future happens after the main verb. • Intending to escape, the slave pushed his friend toward the lion. • Fugiturusservusamicumsuum ad leonempropulit. • The slave pushed his friend to the lion as a distraction so that he could escape while the lion was munching on his friend.

  27. Verbal Qualities of Participles: Voice • As a verb, a participle has voice (active or passive). • As a verb, the participle ( present and future) can take an object. • Intending to eat the slave, the lion attacked. • Consumpturusservum, leooppugnavit. • Servum is the object of consumpturus.

  28. Present active • Present participles are active. The modified noun does the participle. • The screaming slave ran from the lion. • Clamansservuseffugit e leone. • The slave is being described by clamans and he is the one doing the clamans.

  29. Perfect Passive participles • Perfect participles are passive. The modified noun receives the participle and is frequently accompanied by an ablative of personal agent or an ablative of means. • The slave having been attacked by the lion screamed loudly. • Servusoppugnatus a leonevehementerclamavit. • The slave is being described by oppugnatus but the lion is actually doing the oppugnatus.

  30. Future active • Future participles are active. The modified noun does the participle. • The lion intending to eat the slave attacked ferociously. • Leo comsumpturusservumferociterpetivit. • The lion is being described by consumpturus and in the near future will be doing consumpturus.

  31. Perfect active participles • Only exists for deponent verbs • Will look like a perfect passive but will translate actively • Will not be used with ablative of personal agent or means • Examples • Ingressusarenam, leoChristianumconsumpsit. • Having entered the arena, the lion ate the Christian.

  32. Voice practice • Choose one of the verbs from the first list and write an English sentence for each participle: • Present active • Perfect passive • Future active

  33. Verbal qualities of participles: objects • As a verb, the participle ( present and future) can take an object. • Intending to eat the slave, the lion attacked. • Consumpturusservum, leooppugnavit. • Servum is the object of consumpturus. • Consumpturus modifies leo and agree with leo.

  34. Forming participles Present active Perfect passive Perfect active Future active

  35. Present Active Participles • Begin with the infinitive • Remove RE for most verbs • Add NS, NTIS for the nominative singular and genitive singular • Decline as 3rd declension adjective except ablative singular can be I or E • Base =genitive singular minus is • Translation : ----ing, while ----ling

  36. Masculine and feminine NS NTES NTIS NTIUM NTI NTIBUS NTEM NTES NTI NTIBUS NTE Loving, while loving Neuter NS NTIA NTIS NTIUM NTI NTIBUS NS NTIA NTI NTIBUS NTE Loving, while loving Present active participle sample

  37. PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE • Already made for you • Fourth principal part of the verb • Amo, amare, amavi, amatus • Base = fourth principal part minus us • Decline using first and second declension endings • Masculine second declension • Feminine first declension • Neuter second declension neuter • TRANSLATION: HAVING BEEN ___ED, _____ED, AFTER BEING _____ED

  38. Perfect passive participle sample singular • Masculine feminine neuter • Amatusamataamatum • Amati amataeamati • Amato amataeamato • Amatumamatamamatum • Amato amataamato • Having been loved, loved, after being loved

  39. Perfect passive participle sample plural • Masculine feminine neuter • Amati amataeamata • Amatorumamatarumamatorum • Amatisamatisamatis • Amatosamatasamatis • Amatisamatisamatis

  40. Perfect active participle Formation • Already made for you • Only for deponent verbs • Third principal part of the deponent verbs • Base = third principal part minus us • Sequor, sequi, secutus sum = secut • Decline like perfect passive, just translate actively • Having followed secutus • TRANSLATION: HAVING -----ED, AFTER _____ING

  41. Future active participle formation • Begin with the perfect passive participle or 4th principal part ( Use the third principal part for a deponent) • Remove us • Add ur • Add first declension for feminine, 2nd masculine for masculine, 2nd neuter for neuter

  42. FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE • TRANSLATION: ABOUT TO _____, INTENDING TO ______, GOING TO _____

  43. SINGULAR AMATURUS AMATURI AMATURO AMATURUM AMATURO PLURAL AMATURI AMATURORUM AMATURIS AMATUROS AMATURIS FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE MASCULINE

  44. SINGULAR AMATURA AMATURAE AMATURAE AMATURAM AMATURA PLURAL AMATURAE AMATURARUM AMATURIS AMATURAS AMATURIS FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE FEMININE

  45. SINGULAR AMATURUM AMATURI AMATURO AMATURUM AMATURO PLURAL AMATURA AMATURORUM AMATURIS AMATURA AMATURIS FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE NEUTER

  46. Using participles: tenses • The tense of the participle is relative to the main verb: • Same time present • After future • Before perfect • Examples • Militesperdentesurbemvinceruntproelium. • Militesreliquerunturbemperditam a militibus. • Militesoppugnaveruntperdituriurbem.

  47. Using participles • Participles work like any adjective, just a little bit fancier. However, under all circumstances, they like any adjective must agree with the modified noun in gender, number, and case • The endings will not always match because of declensional differences, but the agreement must always be gender, number, and case

  48. GERUNDS VERBAL NOUNS I LOVE TEACHING AMO DOCENDUM

  49. FORMATIONS OF GERUNDS • BASE • INFINITIVE MINUS RE FOR ARE, *ERE, ERE VERBS • INFINITIVE MINUS ERE/IRE PLUS IE FOR IO/ERE AND IRE VERBS • SAMPLES • AMARE = AMA • DOCERE = DOCE • DUCERE = DUCE • CAPIO, CAPERE = CAPIE • SCIRE = SCIE

  50. FORMATION • Add ND plus Second Declension Neuter endings • No nominative form • Use a subjective infinitive • Always singular, always neuter • Recognize a gerund by the nd

More Related