Grammar notebook part four pronouns

1. Grammar notebook part four pronouns

2. Pronouns • Lovely little words that take the place of nouns • Pronoun agreement: gender and number come from antecedent(replaced noun) but case comes from use in clause • Types of Pronouns • Personal pronouns : 1st, 2nd, 3rd. ( I, we, me, us, you, he, she, it, they)

3. Demonstrative Pronouns: points out which one • This, that, these, those • Can also be used as personal pronouns • Relative pronouns: introduce relative clauses and give more information about the antecedent • Who, which, whom, whose, what • Interrogative Pronouns: introduce questions • Who, what, which, whose, whom • Reflexive: refer to the subject • Himself, herself, itself, themselves, myself, yourself

4. Possession: special adjectives to show possession (meus, noster, tuus, vester, suus) • Intensive pronoun: provides emphasis for a noun • -self • Indefinite pronoun: vague antecedent; points which one but not specifically

5. Personal Pronouns • FIRST PERSON I, ME WE, US • NOM EGO NOS • GEN MEI** NOSTRUM** • DAT MIHI NOBIS • ACC ME NOS • ABL*** ME NOBIS • **TO SHOW POSSESSION, USE THE ADJECTIVES MEUS, MEA,MEUM OR NOSTER, NOSTRA, NOSTRUM • ***mecum, nobiscum = with me/ with us

6. 2ND PERSON YOU YOU, Y’ALL • NOM TU VOS • GEN TUI** VESTRUM** • DAT TIBI VOBIS • ACC TE VOS • ABL *** TE VOBIS • **TO SHOW POSSESSION, USE THE ADJECTIVES TUUS, TUA, TUUM OR VESTER, VESTRA, VESTRUM • ***TECUM , VOBISCUM = WITH YOU

7. 3rd person singular • Masc fem neuter • IS EA ID • EIUS EIUS EIUS • EI EI EI • EUM EAM ID • EO* EA* EO

8. 3RD PERSON PLURAL • MASC FEM NEUTER • EI EAE EA • EORUM EARUM EORUM • EIS EIS EIS • EOS EAS EA • EIS EIS EIS

9. Demonstrative Pronouns: this, these • Points out which one • Can be used as pronoun or adjective • Singular • Mascu fem neuter • Hic haec hoc • Huiushuiushuius • Huichuichuic • Hunchanc hoc • Hoc* hac* hoc*

10. Plural • Masc fem neuter • Hi haehaec • Horumharumhorum • His his his • Hos has haec • His his his

11. Demonstrative Pronoun: that, those • Also points out which one but further away than this, these • Singular • Masc fem neut • illeillaillud • illiusilliusillius • illiilliilli • Illumillamillud • illo* illa* illo*

12. Plural • Masc fem neut • illiillaeilla • illorumillarumillorum • illisillisillis • illosillasilla • illisillisillis

13. Demonstrative Pronouns • The pronoun “is, ea, id “ found on page _____ can also be used as a demonstrative pronoun. • It can be used to mean “this, that, those, these” • All demonstrative pronouns can also be used as third person (he, she, it, they, him, her, them) personal pronouns as long as they are not reflexive to the subject. • For reflexive pronouns for third person see page ______

14. Emphatic Demonstrative • Translates as “the same” • Singular • Idem eadem idem • Eiusdemeiusdemeiusdem • Eidemeidemeidem • Eundemeandem idem • Eodemeādemeodem

15. Plural • Eidemeaedemeadem • Eorundemearundemeorundem • Eisdemeisdemeisdem • Eosdemeasdemeadem • Eisdemeisdemeisdem

16. Relative Pronouns • Function: introduces a relative clause • Gives more information about the antecedent • Relates back to the antecedent • I know that boy who was running down the street. • Scio illumpuerum qui currebat de via. • Basic translations: who, which, what, whose, whom

17. Agreement: must agree with the antecedent in gender and number but gets its case from the use in the relative clause • I know the boy who was running down the street. • Who refers to boy • Therefore it will be masculine and singular • It is the subject of its clause • Therefore it will be nominative

18. Relative Singular • Singular • Masculine feminine neuter • QUI QUAE QUOD • CUIUS CUIUS CUIUS • CUI CUI CUI • QUEM QUAM QUOD • QUO* QUA* QUO*

19. Relative Plural • Plural • Masculine feminine neuter • QUI QUAE QUAE • QUORUM QUARUM QUORUM • QUIBUS QUIBUS QUIBUS • QUOS QUAS QUAE • QUIBUS QUIBUS QUIBUS

20. Interrogative Pronouns • Introduce a question • Follow the rules of agreement • Singular • Masc fem neuter • Quisquis quid • Cuiuscuiuscuius • Cui cui cui • Quem quam quid • Quōquāquō

21. Plural • Masc fem neuter • Qui quae quae • Quorum quarum quorum • Quibusquibusquibus • Quos quas quae • Quibusquibusquibus

22. Examples • Quisestu? • Who are you? • Quid facis? • What are you doing?

23. Third Person Reflexive Pronoun • Forms • Nominative None • Genitive **sui • Dative sibi • Accusative se or sese • Ablative se or sese • Vocative none • **use the possessive adjective suus, sua, suum declined in the first and second declension to show possession.

24. Usage of Reflexive Pronouns • Must reflect the subject • Usually translated by adding “-self” • Must be essential to the sentence; removing the pronoun would change the meaning. • Interfecit se. He killed himself. ( “Himself” is essential and reflexive) • Interfecitmilitem ipse. He killed the soldier himself. (“Himself” only add emphasis and can be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence)

25. Personal Possession • To show possession with 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person reflexive • Use possessive adjectives which agree in gender, number, and case with the modified noun. • I lost my book. Meumlibrum • I lost your book tuumlibrum • I lost our book nostrum librum • I lost your (pl) book. Vestrumlibrum • In spite of the fact that I am feminine, I use the masculine to agree with the book which is masculine.

26. Non-reflexive possession • Use the genitive to show non-reflexive possession( meaning doesn’t belong to the subject) • Mychal non amatsuumcanem. ( The dog belongs to Mychal) • Mychal non amateiuscanem (the dog belongs to someone else)

27. Intensive Pronouns • Only provide emphasis; can be removed without changing the meaning • Translate with –self • Singular • Masc fem neut • Ipse ipsaipsum • Ipsiusipsiusipsius • Ipsiipsiipsi • Ipsumipsamipsum • Ipso ipsā ipso

28. Plural • Ipsiipsaeipsa • Ipsorumipsarumipsorum • Ipsisipsisipsis • Ipsosipsasipsa • Ipsisipsisipsis

29. Indefinite Pronouns • Definition: some, certain • Forms • Quidamquaedamquoddam • Cuiusdamcuiusdamcuiusdam • Cuidamcuidamcuidam • Quendamquandamquoddam • Quodamquādamquodam

30. Quidamquaedamquaedam • Quorundamquarundamquorundam • Quibusdamquibusdamquibusdam • Quosdamquasdamquaedam • Quibusdamquibusdamquibusdam

31. Those Awful “q” words • 1. It’s perfectly okay to hate them. • 2. “Qui Quae Quod” are relative pronouns • Will give more information about a noun or pronoun • Will be in a sentence with at least two verbs • Marcus estpuer qui amatFerocem. • 3. Interrogative Pronouns “Quis, Quid” • Usually asks a direct questions although sometimes asking an indirect question ( will have subjunctive verb) • Quid facitillumstrepitum? What is that noise? • Rogaviquisfaceretillumstrepitum. I asked who was making that noise.

32. 4. Quod • If there’s a neuter noun, it might be a pronoun meaning “which” • Faciemusiter quod crasincipiet. • We will make a journey which will begin tomorrow. • If there is no neuter noun, probably a conjunction meaning “because” • Discessimus quod non amavimusillamcenam. • We left because we didn’t like that food

33. 5. Quam • If only one verb, probably not a pronoun. It needs something feminine to refer to. • If used with an adverb, it means “how” • Quam celeritercurrit! • With a comparative it means “than” • Sextusestmolestior quam Marcus • With a superlative it means “as possible” • Sextuscurrit quam celerrime.