Professor Sujeeva Setunge Head, Civil Engineering Discipline

1. Doing more with less in managing civil infrastructure: Current challenges and knowledge required for optimised and sustainable decisions Professor SujeevaSetunge Head, Civil Engineering Discipline School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering RMIT University Melbourne

2. Outline • Life cycle of infrastructure • Decision parameters • Current challenges – doing more with less • Research projects and outcomes • A new project – would you like to join ?

3. Life Cycle of Civil Infrastructure

4. Life Cycle of Civil Infrastructure

5. Decision Parameters • Sustainability • Climate change • Disaster resilience • Regulatory compliance • Other ---- Resources constraints

6. What is needed to “Do More with Less” ? • Optimum timing and method of inspections – no more, no less • Efficient use of inspection data • Reactive maintenance decisions • Proactive decision making –forecasting of deterioration • Maintenance/capital works decisions • Optimised for the available budget • Budget required to provide minimum level of service • Risk of failure • Probability ?Consequences ? • Mitigation or adaptation ? • New challenges • Vulnerability under disasters, climate change

7. Knowledge gaps • Forecasting deterioration of different infrastructure • Using condition data • Modelling exact mechanisms and reduction in capacity • Likelihood of failure • What happens if you do “nothing” • Extreme events – flood, bush fire, earthquake, storm surge • Climate change • Consequences of failure • Impact on the managing authority • Impact on the community • Impact on other stakeholders • Strengthening of Infrastructure

8. Methods of Deterioration Prediction • Based on condition data • Consecutive inspections of the same components • At least two sets of good data required • One set of data can be used as a snap shot, predictions can be approximate • Based on understanding of deterioration mechanisms • Examples • Chloride induced corrosion of reinforced concrete structures • Sulphate attack in sewers • Carbonation of concrete structures • Corrosion of steel Further challenges Component level ? Network level ? Incorporating interdependencies of multiple assets ?

9. Community Buildings in Australia • Project funded by Australian Research Council • Six local councils and Municipal Association as partners • Condition data collected by partners • Deterioration forecasting and decision making models developed by researchers • Stochastic model based on Markov process is used for deterioration prediction and risk estimation • Integrated software tool developed by RMIT hosted in cloud, field implementation at six local councils www.assethub.com.au

10. School of Civil, Environmental & Chemical Engineering Simplified CAMS Workflow CAMS Mobile Excel Import Excel Import Excel Import Upload level of service and replacement costs Create building component hierarchy Upload component data Upload condition data Display buildings in map using geo coordinates Deterioration Prediction Data explorer Backlog maintenance Replacement cost report Scenario based risk cost analysis

11. School of Civil, Environmental & Chemical Engineering Some Screenshots

12. CAMS Analytical OutputData Explorer

14. CAMS Analytical OutputScenario Based Backlog analysis – Backlog/Surplus

15. CAMS Analytical OutputScenario Based Analysis

16. CAMS Analytical OutputAnalysis of a selected building – Building Deterioration

17. School of Civil, Environmental & Chemical Engineering Technology Based on Microsoft’s Web Applications Development Platform • Microsoft .NET, SQL Server 2008 Hosted on Amazon Web Services in Sydney • Best in class security, scalability and performance Each CAMS account runs on a separate database • Data segregation Cloud based • No hardware or special software required • New features and updates are immediately available for all users • Runs on any compatible browser. No installations required

18. CAMS is available for implementation in interested councils – we will upload data and configure the system for your needs, • Hands on training workshop scheduled in July 2015. – We will communicate to LGs via MAV • Training videos available in youtubehttps://www.youtube.com/channel/UCey4F6BuCknHdDlxkm2bj9w/playlists • Please contact sujeeva.setunge@rmit.edu.au if you are interested in trying.

23. Deterioration modelling of bridges • Level 1- Routine Maintenance Inspection • Level 2- Structure Condition Inspection • Level 3- Engineering Investigation

24. BUILDINGS HIERARCHY Deterioration curves of timber elements Abutment Cross beam Pile Deck Kerbs Girder Markov Process used for forecasting Non-linear optimisation to derive the transition matrices Barriers

25. Effect of Climate Change on Seaports • Project funded by National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility • Failure mechanisms and related models adopted for critical elements • Climate change parameters established • Changes needed to maintenance regimes identified • Research into effect of change in sea salinity commenced.

26. Modelling climate system • Components • Interaction • Human component • 40 emission scenarios • 23 global circulation models • Selected two emissions scenarios • Hotter/drier/most likely Civil, Environmental & Chemical Engineering

27. Example: Carbonation of concrete Civil, Environmental & Chemical Engineering

28. Outcome for Ports Intervention required Deterioration threshold Civil, Environmental & Chemical Engineering

29. USAid project – modelling of piles at Port Suva Sujeeva Setunge

30. The change in sea salinity on seaports It is very likely that regions of the ocean with high salinity where evaporation dominates have become more saline, while regions of low salinity where precipitation dominates have become fresher since the 1950s. This has been confirmed recently by the ARGO Global salinity program – with over 3500 sensors floating worldwide Sujeeva Setunge

31. Laboratory experiments to examine effect of sea salinity on chloride ingress in concrete • Simulated environments varied salinity, humidity, temperature, and concrete mix design • Samples were taken at varying depths of concrete to see how the environments changed the rate of ingress. Sujeeva Setunge

32. Testing continued for six months(Ph.D research – Andrew Hunting) • notable chloride ingress into the concrete down to depths of 20 mm • 38.6% increase in chloride content in concrete • 93% increase in penetration ratein porous concrete • Humidity increases ingress at the beginning of tests Sujeeva Setunge

33. Summary • Developing capabilities to deliver “more with less” requires addressing the problem from two directions • Fundamental research to understand mechanisms of degradation, accurate predictive modelling, laboratory experiments and field trials to validate • Top down approach to develop decision making strategies based on limited data which can offer immediate solutions to industry • RMIT has developed a niche capability to cover both aspects

34. What’s new ?

35. Automated council tree inventory using airborne LiDAR and aerial imagery Airborne LiDAR and imagery Individual tree detection 3D tree parameter extraction Composition, structure and distribution over council area: number of trees, tree density, tree health, leaf area, and species diversity Location, height, canopy size and extension and species composition Identify and examine the underlying factors that affect the growth and health of trees Models for monitoring the changing trend in local council Spatially enabled 3D trees Integration within council GIS Tree risk assessment Planning … … Will deliver a cost effective tool to conduct tree census

36. Expected outcomes and deliverables 1) Develop and validate a new methodology to integrate airboneLiDARand aerial imagery for improved characterization of tree canopy; 2)Extraction of geometric and physical parameters of individual tree, including location, height, canopy size and extension and species composition; 3)Deliver a cost effective tool to conduct tree census; 4) Identify and examine the underlying factors that affect the growth and health of trees; 5)Validate the tool using existing data; 6) Disseminate the developed toolkit to the LG and offer training. If you like to join this new project, please let us know. Sujeeva.setunge@rmit.edu.au

37. Centre for Pavement Excellence Asia Pacific • Established by Brian O’Donnell, formerly from local govt. and EA forming a consortium of RMIT/ARRB/EA/Latrobe University • Aims to utilise federal govt. funding available as Aus-aid for Asia Pacific countries, while delivering outcomes for local practitioners • Will develop guidelines for improved stabilisation of unbound pavements

38. Resilience of critical road structures – bridges, floodways and culverts under natural hazards • Structures: • BRIDGES • CULVERTS • FLOOD-WAYS • Hazards: • EARTHQUAKE • FLOOD • BUSHFIRE • CLIMATE CHANGE Enhancing Resilience of Critical Road Structures: Bridges, Culverts and Flood Ways under Natural Hazards

39. Thank you