Reign of the Dem-Republicans

1. Reign of the Dem-Republicans Jefferson, Madison & Monroe APUSH Mr. Buttell Key Concept 4.1 Part I-II

2. Mudslingers • Federalists are upset with the failed war with France. • Mudslinging towards Jefferson becomes focal point of 1800 campaign • “Whispering Campaign” – fathered mulatto children, alleged atheist, bibles in well.

3. Election of 1800

4. Gridlock in the Election • Jefferson won 73-65 over Adams but tied with Burr his running mate. • Tie moved the election to House of Reps. • House controlled by Federalists • Hamilton/Adams help convince an end to gridlock • 12th Amend. Fixes this problem in future • Federalist party slowly disintegrates

5. Revolution of 1800 To Jefferson, the Federalists had betrayed the ideals of the Revolution Restore the republican experiment Check the growth of government power Halt decay of virtue. The transition was monumental because it was so peaceful and orderly. Experiment in democracy was working.

6. The Moderate President • New capital of D.C. March 4, 1801 • Precedent of sending messages to congress by a clerk. • Scholarly citizen Jefferson, had trouble with, harassed public official Jefferson • Many look for turnover in appointed officials, many were saddened • Federalists begin to fade, as does the D.R. reason to stay united

7. Jeffersonian Restraint • Pardoned those serving sentences under Sedition Act • Naturalization Law of 1802 reduced the 14-year residency requirement back to 5 • Albert Gallatin as Sec. of Treasury keeps many Hamilton policies including the bank and tariff • Repeals the Excise Tax • Debt was bad; Gallatin reduced $83m in 1801 to $45m by 1812 • Jefferson restraint helps with party transition

8. The Judiciary • Judiciary Act of 1801 passed before Adams left office • 16 new federal judgeships • Adams signed 3 the night before he left office. • “Midnight Judges” • D.R. Congress looked to repeal the act and stall appointment of judges. • William Marbury sued the federal govt. for his appt.

9. Marbury v. Madison • Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed his suit • Marbury had right to the appt., but court did not have power to enforce it. • First time Supreme Court has used Judicial Review and defined court’s authority to review legislation • KY and VA Resolution tried to do this at the state level and failed • Judicial Branch is now as strong as the other two branches

10. Jefferson, A Reluctant Warrior • First action, reduce the military • Peaceful coercion is best • Barbary Pirates attacking US merchant ships in Med. • Mini-war with Pasha of Tripoli • Jefferson sends in small naval fleet • Treaty of Tripoli signed after 4 years of fighting

11. Louisiana • Jefferson sent J. Monroe and R. Livingston to Paris to negotiate the sale of New Orleans and land to the east for $10 million • If this failed, an alliance with Britain would be needed • Napoleon had failed to reclaim Haiti and wanted to end his lull with Britain. • Money Talks!!! • How much for everything? • $15 million for the whole thing • Senate approved, US doubled

12. Lewis and Clark and Sacajawea

13. Where in the world is Aaron Burr??? • Hamilton exposes Burr’s involvement with extremist Federalists secession plans • Burr challenges Hamilton to duel and kills him with one shot • Burr fled and joined up with General Wilkinson of the LA Territory • Planned to attack Mexico and FL • Burr caught and tried for treason but found not-guilty by John Marshall

14. The Hated Embargo • Too weak to go to war • Europe needs us so badly we will stop selling goods/food to them • Embargo Act of 1807 passed • Northern harbors filled with abandoned ships, unemployment skyrocketed • Southern farmers had stockpiles of un-exportable goods • Illicit trade begins along the Canadian border • Federalist party reviving, Congress repeals Act three days before Jefferson’s retirement

15. Why did Embargo Act fail??? • Underestimated the determination of British. • Bumper crops blessed the British Isles • Latin America opened door to trade. • Napoleon had Europe under control and could tighten his belt. • French seized American ships • Embargo wasn’t tight enough to achieve net results. Leaky embargo was costly

16. Any good out of the Embargo??? • YES!!! • Yankee ingenuity forced us to open new factories and reopen old ones. • America’s industrial might was laid behind the protective wall of the embargo, Non-Intercourse Act and War of 1812 • Jefferson the critic of factories did more for American business than Hamilton????

17. Presidential Election of 1808

18. President Madison’s Gamble • Assumes presidency March 4, 1809 • Factions in his own party and Cabinet • Congress dismantles Embargo Act and replaces with other worthless economic restrictions. • Republican congressmen from the West were certain that Britain was to blame for all their economic woes.

19. Dolly Madison: The President’s Greatest Asset

20. Tecumseh and the Prophet • 12th Congress brings in new “hot heads” from South and West dubbed “war hawks” • Angry about impressment • Renewed Indian threat out West • Tecumseh and Teskwatawa – The Prophet (Shawnee brothers) formed confederacy of tribes east of Mississippi • Tecumseh urged not to cede land to whites unless all agreed • War Hawks felt Canada was helping them with weapons

21. “War Hawks” John C. Calhoun [SC] Henry Clay [KY]

22. Mr. Madison’s War • Britain arming hostile Indians • Rallying cry of the War Hawks “On to Canada, On to Canada” • Southern expansionist looking at a weak Spanish Florida • Assertion of American rights is inevitable • Madison asks Congress to declare war on June 1, 1812 • Federalists in North were horrified!! Here we go again!!!!

23. Mr. Madison’s War • Invasion of Canada fails, ends in retreat to Detroit • 1813, American raiders burn Toronto • Commodore O. Perry defeats a small British flotilla on Lake Eerie • Gen. William H. Harrison wins at the Battle of Thames, kills Tecumseh • 1814, Brits fight back, attacking Washington City, burning the Capitol and White House • In the South, Jackson wins at Battle of Horseshoe Bend

24. Peace and Victory • By 1815, Britain wanted peace, and began peace talks at Ghent, Belgium • Signed on Christmas Eve 1814, retained the prewar borders • Final victory on January 8, 1815 in Battle of New Orleans. • Brits lost 700 men, and 2,000 wounded, just 13 Americans died and 58 wounded • Jackson becomes national hero • Victory undercuts the Hartford Convention demands for change

25. The Federalist Legacy • McCulloch v. Maryland Federal state bank branches refused to pay tax, infringed on national powers • Gibbons v. Ogden struck down NY law giving monopoly on steamboat service from NYC to NJ; congress control interstate commerce • Fletcher v. Peck and Dartmouth v. Woodward both cases dealt with obligations of contract and prohibited states from impairing those contracts

26. Sec. of State John Quincy Adams • J. Q. Adams – son of Federalist and negotiated the Treaty of Ghent. • Served as Sec. of State under Pres. Monroe • Negotiated Rush-Bagot Treaty limiting naval battles on the Great Lakes region • In 1818, negotiated the 49th parallel as border between Canada and LA Purchase • 1819, Adams-Onis Treaty, persuaded Spain to cede FL to the U.S. in return for TX to Spain • 1823, The Monroe Doctrine, written by J. Q. Adams, declared all European powers to stay out of W. Hemisphere

27. Era of Good Feelings • After 2 decades of consensus between party leaders, the Era of Good Feelings is ushered in • The Republican party split between the National Faction (old Federalists) led by Clay and J. Q. Adams • The Jeffersonian Faction (old Dem-Republicans) led by Van Buren and Jackson • This will result in two new parties and the death of the original Federalists