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Zionism and Israel Seth Ward

Zionism and Israel Seth Ward. University of Wyoming. Europe in 1800. The European Background The French Revolution.

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Zionism and Israel Seth Ward

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  1. Zionism and IsraelSeth Ward University of Wyoming

  2. Europe in 1800

  3. The European Background The French Revolution "Everything must be refused to the Jews as a Nation... and everything granted to the Jews as individuals." In French: Rappelons la formule fameuse d'un révolutionnaire : «Ne rien accorder aux juifs en tant que nation; tout leur accorder en tant qu'individu» (Clermont-Tonnerre, 23 décembre 1789). Sanhedrin–Assembly of Jewish Notables answers Napoleon’s famous questions. Napoleon’s career in the Eastern Mediterranean

  4. Europe • The ways of the Old Regime were reinstated after 1815, but by 1870s Jews had achieved citizenship rights in most places in central and Western Europe. • In the first 2/3rds of the 19th century, Jews had to accept baptism to succeed in many places • Western Europe: Edgar Mortara Case (1858-1859). Demonstrated the extent to which the Catholic Church supported the efficacy of Baptism, even done in secret and without family consent; but the political environment allowed (and even favored) a negative European reaction. • Dreyfus Case 1893. Herzl reported it.

  5. Early 19th Century Palestine • Mehmet Ali’s conquest of Palestine  (1831) accorded well with themes in Restoration Theology regarding Jews returning to the Holy Land. • The conquests of Muhammad Ali (d. 1849) reached to Damascus and beyond. • “Damascus Affair” Blood Libel in 1840. David Roberts--Mosque of Omar, 1839

  6. Restoration Theology • 7th Earl of Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley-Cooper 1801-1885) “The State and the rebirth of the Jews” (1839) –among the first to call for Jewish settlement in Palestine and often credited with the idea “A country without a people for a people without a country” although this probably is based on writing by Alexander Keith in 1843. • Image: Shaftesbury Memorial, Piccadily Circus London: “Angel of Christian Charity” (for his philanthropic works, not his politics). • Joseph Smith: sent an emissary to the Holy Land During the 1836 dedication of the Kirtland Temple, Joseph Smith prayed fervently for the gathering of Israel. Several days later Moses appeared in the Kirtland Temple and restored the keys necessary for this gathering to begin (see D&C 110:11). Image: Orson Hyde Dedicates the Holy Land

  7. Developments in Judaism • Reform movement Hamburg temple, 1818 • Shimshon Rafael Hirsch 1808-1888 • Zacharias Frankel (“Historic” Judaism) 1801-1875 • Wissenschaft des Judentums. • Abraham Geiger 1810-1874 • Heine, Zunz, Graetz, others. • “Enlighteners” and traditionalists

  8. Ottoman Reforms • Ottomans: Lost Morea (Greece), Hungary, Egypt etc. • Tanzimat: Gülhane Hatt-ı şerif (1839) • Hatt-ı Humayun islahat fermani (1856). • Reforms in Land ownership • Constitutional Reform 1876 Abdülmecid I Ruled 1839-1861

  9. Judaism: Land, Nation, Religion • Jewish love for the land: “Blessings of the Land” and “Blessings for Jerusalem” (ברכות הארץ וברכות ירושלים) in Grace after meals, Daily Prayer (Amida), Haftarah, etc. –and Biblical promises of patrimony and progeny to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. • “Religio” vs. “Natio”: is Judaism a religion or a “nationality” (an idea akin to ethnicity or race)? • Haskalah (enlightenment) and Wissenschaft des Judentums: awakens interest in Hebrew, research into Jewish folkways, questions about nature of Jewish identity, rise of Jewish literature, poetry, fiction, education in math, science, newspapers, etc.

  10. Persecution, Nationalism, Emancipation • Persecution and Pogroms, especially in Russia in 1881 and after Kishinev and the failure of the Russian Revolution (1903, 1905) • Emerging nation-states in Germany (Prussia), Italy (House of Savoy), European areas formerly part of the Ottoman Empire; attempts and movements in Russia, Austro-Hungarian Empire, etc. • Emancipation gives rise to Antisemitism in Germany, France, and elsewhere.

  11. Chaim Nachman Bialik • On Bialik: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/bialik.html • http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modern_judaism/v024/24.3penkower.html • על השחיטהhttp://benyehuda.org/bialik/bia061.html • http://www.richardsilverstein.com/tikun_olam/2003/08/24/on-the-slaughte/ • http://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/2011/02/bialik-on-slaughter-from-hebrew.html

  12. Building the Land • Moses Montefiore: Quarters outside the walls of Jerusalem: 1860 • Alliance IsraéliteUniverselle founds Agricultural School 1870 • Baron Edmund de Rothschild • 1908—Arab nationalist movement—reaction to Young Turks and deposition of Abdul Hamid; Sharif Hussein appointed Amir of Mecca • 1909—Tel Aviv founded, First Kibbutz started at Degania.

  13. Writings • Moses Hess Rome and Jerusalem 1862 • Leon Pinsker Autoemancipation 1882 • Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922)—moved to Palestine in 1881

  14. Theodore Herzl (1860-1904) • http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Herzl.html •        Jewish State Judenstaat 1896 • http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Zionism/herzlex.html • First Zionist Congress 1897 • Old New Land Altneuland 1902

  15. Cultural, Labor, Religious Zionism • Asher Ginzberg (Ahad Ha-Am) Cultural Zionism. • A.D. Gordon: power of labor (Labor Zionism) • Socialist movement emerged, with Histadrut labor union, Labor Party (“Mapai”).  • Mizrahi movement: Religious Zionism. • R. Abraham I. Kook—Chief Rabbi of Palestine: Secularists are participating in God’s Work. 

  16. 1916-1918 • Arab Revolt under Lawrence of Arabia with Sherif Hussein of Mecca. • Balfour Declaration (Nov. 2 1917). • Allenby enters Jerusalem (Dec.) • “Hava Nagila” • Jewish Legion.

  17. British Mandate • Herbert Samuel—First Commissioner • Arab opposition: British redefine area in which Jewish National Home is to be applied. • Mandate appoints Hajj Amin al-Husseini as Mufti of Jerusalem • Growth of “Revisionist” movement of Jabotinsky and Begin. • 1925—“Aliyah  4”—refugees from anti-Semitism in Poland and elsewhere • 1929—Arab attacks in Jerusalem, Safed, Hebron • 1936—Mufti forms Arab Higher Committee, with Axis support, begins anti-Jewish propaganda campaign. Arab attacks in 1936 killed a few Jews; British tried to work both sides, with a pro-Arab policy in some ways but also providing Orde Wingate to train Haganah. • 1937, Peel Commission responds to 1936 riots: recommends partition • 1939 White Paper: does not adopt partition. Closes off Jewish immigration.

  18. Partition Plans • Left: Peel Commission 1937/8, three sectors • Right: UN 1947, seven sectors

  19. Declaration of IndependenceMay 14 1948 • http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/israel.htm

  20. 1948-1956 • 1947-1948  Fighting with Arab Irregular forces • 1948           Israel Independence, Arab states attack • 1949           January: General elections. 1st Knesset takes office on Tu Bishevat. • Map:http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/israel_pol_1972.jpg • Law of return • DP resettlement • Feda’iyeen • Arab Boycott: primary, secondary and tertiary. • Desecration of Jewish sites in Jordan • Al-Kiyana al-Sahiyuniyya • Gamal Abd al-Nasser • October 29, 1956: Sinai Campaign

  21. 1956-1975 • 1959           Relations with West Germany • 1960           Eichman trial (hanged in 1962) • PLO: formed in Jordan 1964, charter adopted in 1968. Al-Fath “The Conquest” most important group. • June 1967           Six Day War • Sept. 1970: Black September (PLO Ousted from Jordan 1970-71). • 1972           War of Attrition • 1972           Munich Olympics. • 1973           Yom Kippur War • Entebbe raid • “Myths and facts” http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf7.html • UN Resolution 242 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/unres242.html • Three Noes: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/three_noes.html

  22. 1975-1989 • 1975           UN Resolution on Zionism • 1977           Likud wins elections • November 1977      Sadat visits Israel • 1978           Camp David • 1981           Sadat assassinated by member of Takfir wa-Jihad movement • 1982-1985  Lebanon Campaign: Lebanese Civil War • PLO, Syria, Maronites (Christians), Druzes, Shi’is, Sunnis. • PLO sent to Tunis. • 1980s         Hezbullah • 1987           Intifada starts in Gaza. • 1988           King Hussein relinquishes claims on Jerusalem, Arafat talks about readiness to accept the existence of Israel • 1989           Fall of Soviet Union

  23. 1989-2000 • 1991           Gulf War, Madrid conference, • 1993           “Oslo Accords” –Handshake on Sept. 13. • 1994           Purim massacre by Baruch Goldstein • 1995           Nov. 4 Rabin Assassinated • 1996           Netanyahu Elected • 2000           Clinton/Barak/Arafat at Camp David

  24. Separation Barrier • Map of fence: http://www.seamzone.mod.gov.il/Pages/ENG/map_eng.htm

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