The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution Prof.ssa Cynthia Tenaglia

2. Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?

3. The exploitation of the New World Commerce and Trade Availability of Capital This process had began with

4. Aristocracy showed a sense of enterprise not found in the aristocracy of the other European countries They invested their money to improve Production

5. The Enclosure Act Enclosure Acts allowing Landowners to fence off their holdings, so no more common land for the landless poor ( before they could collect wood or graze their animals)

6. “Enclosed” Lands Today

7. The New inventions transformed the commercial production changing the old working techniques and transforming a whole way of life

8. James Watt’s Steam Engine

9. An Early Steam Locomotive Communication was made easier

10. Later Locomotives

11. The Impact of the Railroad

12. Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

13. Steam Ship

14. Steam Tractor New scientific techniques applied to farming

15. Jacquard’s Loom These inventions destroyed the old domestic weaving and spinning , introducing the method of factory production.

16. Textile FactoryWorkers in England

17. The Power Loom

18. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

19. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

20. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

21. Industrial Staffordshire

22. Industrial Staffordshire

23. Epidemics, like cholera, thyphoid, caused a high mortality in towns. They came to a peak in the Great Stink of 1858. This expression was used to describe the terrible smell in London, coming from the Thames. The Victorian Age The “Great Stink” Caricature appearing on the magazine «Punch» in 1858 OnlyConnect ... New Directions

24. Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore slums

25. Worker Housing in Manchester

26. The New Industrial City • Overcrowding • Lack of sanitation

27. Factory Workers at Home Starvation wages

28. The Factory System • Rigid schedule. • 14-16 hour day. • Dangerous conditions. • Monotony.

29. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

30. What was life like for a poor child in cities and towns in the 1840’s? • Most children had to work to help their families earn enough money to live. Employers used them as cheap labour

31. Factories • The youngest children in the textile factories were usually employed as scavengers and piecers. Scavengers had to pick up the loose cotton from under the machinery. This was extremely dangerous as the children were expected to carry out the task while the machine was still working.

32. Factories • Piecers had to lean over the spinning-machine to repair the broken threads. • Many children suffered serious accidents.

33. Young Coal Miners

34. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

35. Chimney sweepers used young boys to climb chimneys and clean away the soot. They were often burned or hurt. Chimney sweepers

36. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche Because of the need of financial support , people willing to invest their money became really important in economic life

37. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

38. New Ways of Thinking

39. Free trade: Man is free to pursue his interest, government doesn’t have to interfere. Freedom in the international trade No duties and monopolistic privileges. This new economy was supported by economists such as Adam Smith ( 1776) with his theory of “ Laissez Faire”:

40. Adam Smith in his “ Wealth of Nations” stated the end of all government regulations of internal and external trade, in the belief that the free play of individualism always worked out for the best

41. Upper and Middle class ,and the Church saw the misery of the poor as an inevitable social evil. Only towards the end of the century Charity schools opened Women started to ask for more rights, Mary Wollstonecraft demanded better education.