Tribal Hatchery Science Principles

1. Tribal Hatchery Science Principles "Knowledge is a tool, and like all tools, its impact is in the hands of the user(s)“ - Dan Brown, The Lost Symbol

2. Tribal Science Hatchery Success Principles • Quantify both the benefits and risks of hatchery actions. • Robust monitoring linked with adaptive management • Applied research (limited academic) • Minimize marking and handling of fish. • Utilize traditional ecological knowledge in addition to contemporary science. • Collaborative with co-managers. • Integrated with other management action evaluations.

3. Holistic Management Requires Holistic Evaluations • Regional Collaboration • Habitat Protection and Restoration • Harvest Regulation • Conservation Enforcement • Mainstem and Tributary Passage • Artificial Propagation

4. Hatchery Program Types • Harvest Augmentation (Fishery) Programs: Fish on the table. • Reintroduction Programs: Fish in habitat and fish on the table. • Supplementation (Conservation) Programs: Rebuild natural production and fish on the table.

5. Columbia Basin salmon and steelhead production above Bonneville Dam – by primary purpose 88 million salmon and steelhead All hatchery programs are NOT the same

6. Why Evaluate Hatcheries? • Accountability • Adaptive Management

7. Adaptive Management Steps Define desired resource condition Determine resource status Identify limiting factor(s) Develop management options Apply selected management action(s) Monitor and evaluate results Modify/adjust management action or goals Monitor and evaluate results

8. Tribal Hatchery Monitoring and Evaluation Study Designs Local • NPTH M&E Action Plan (Hesse and Cramer 2000) • NEOH M&E Plan (Harbeck et al. 2006) • JCAPE M&E Plan (Vogel et al. 2004) • YKFP spring Chin. M&E Plan (Busack et al. 1997) • Nat. prod. Domestication Mon. plan (Busack et al. 2006) Regional • Collaborative System-wide Monitoring and Evaluation Project (CSMEP) Hatchery Subgroup • Hatchery Scientific Review Group (HSRG) • Ad Hoc Supplementation Work Group (AHSWG) • Standardized Performance Measures

9. Implementation & Compliance Monitoring Hatchery Effectiveness Monitoring a) Long-term Trend (BACI, T/C) b) Relative Reproductive Success (RSS) Uncertainties Research Monitoring Three Tiered Monitoring Framework

10. Hatchery - wild broodstock composition Rearing density Size at release Number of fish released Post-release survival Release location Harvest Adult escapement and composition Implementation and Compliance(All Hatcheries)

11. Implementation and ComplianceExample – Release Numbers

12. Implementation and ComplianceExample – Adult Returns Snake River Fall Chinook Salmon Draft Management Escapement Goal (39,110) First adult returns from supplementation NOAA’s Viability Abundance Threshold 3,000 Natural-Origin Spawners

13. Effectiveness Monitoring (subset of supplementation programs) • Natural production • Life history characteristics • Genetic diversity • Effects on non-target populations • Restoring / maintaining fisheries • Optimize effectiveness • Status & trends of natural populations • Communicate M&E findings

14. Effectiveness Monitoring Example Long-term Trend (T/C)

15. Upper Yakima vs Naches Natural-Origin Returns, 1982-2011

16. Effectiveness Monitoring Example Relative Reproductive Success “Supportive breeding boosts natural population abundance with minimal negative impacts on fitness of wild Chinook salmon in Johnson Creek” Maureen Hess, C. Rabe, J. Vogel, J. Stephenson, D. Nelson, and S. Narum Molecular Ecology, 2012

17. Study system Johnson Creek, adult weir • Nez Perce Tribe initiated supplementation program in 1998 WA ID • Only wild-origin returns used for broodstock OR Hat Hat Wild Wild First study to evaluate lifetime reproductive success of Chinook salmon in the wild at the initiation of supportive breeding

18. Johnson Creek Relative Reproductive Success Results i.) Is a demographic boost provided by the hatchery? Hatchery environment Wild Wild environment Wild

19. Johnson Creek Relative Reproductive Success Results ii.) Is there a difference in reproductive success between SUCCESSFUL hatchery-reared and wild-origin fish spawning naturally? Hat Hat Hat 2002, 4yr from BY1998 2003, 5yr from BY1998 3yr jacks BY2000 Wild 2004, 4yr from BY2000 Jacks Females Males • RRS estimates very similar and not statistically significant between any group of hatchery and wild fish Overall RRS

20. Johnson Creek Relative Reproductive Success Results iii.) Do hatchery-reared fish have a negative genetic impact on wild fish when they mate with them? • No significant difference in RS of mating types • No evidence of reduction in fitness of wild fish when they mate with hatchery fish H H W W H H X X X X X X H H W W W W Mating type (spawn in natural environment)

21. Uncertainties Research ExampleArtificial Stream At Cle Elum Dd127 long x 7.9 m wide MeabnDnnepnth0.4 m

22. Why An Artificial Stream? Confounding Factors Can Be Controlled • Physical Environment (Gravel, Water Velocity & Depth) • Fish(No., Type, Maturation, Condition, Entrance Timing) • DNA(All Adults & Subsample Of Fry) • Behavior(Correlate Individual Behavior with Fish Origin & Breeding Success)

23. Behavior and Breeding Success of Wild and First-Generation Hatchery Male Spring Chinook Salmon Spawning in an Artificial Stream S.L. Schroder, C.M. Knudsen, T.N. Pearsons, T.W. Kassler, S.F. Young, E.P. Beall and D.E. Fast Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 139:989-1003 • “Pedigree analyses based on DNA showed that hatchery and wild males had comparable breeding success values.”

24. Breeding Success of Wild and First-Generation Hatchery Female Spring Chinook Salmon Spawning in an Artificial Stream S.L. Schroder, C.M. Knudsen, T.N. Pearsons, T.W. Kassler, S.F. Young, C.A. Busack, and D.E. Fast Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 137:1475-1489 • “No differences were detected in the egg deposition rates of wild and hatchery females. Pedigree assignments based on microsatellite DNA, however, showed that the eggs deposited by wild females survived to the fry stage at a 5.6% higher rate than those spawned by hatchery females.”

25. Yakama Spawning Channel Conclusions to Date • When Time and Breeding Location Were Controlled No Significant Genetic Differences Were Detected Between 1st & 2nd Generation Hatchery Spring Chinook • Currently Comparing Similar Traits Between 1st & 3rd Generation Hatchery Spring Chinook

26. Questions? "Knowledge is a tool, and like all tools, its impact is in the hands of the user(s)“- Dan Brown, The Lost Symbol