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The Counter-Reformation (Catholic)

The Counter-Reformation (Catholic). St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits. Founded the Society of Jesus or Jesuits in 1540s to lead attack on Protestants Wrote Spiritual Exercises emphasized spiritual practices of Catholics

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The Counter-Reformation (Catholic)

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  1. The Counter-Reformation (Catholic)

  2. St. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits • Founded the Society of Jesus or Jesuits in 1540s to lead attack on Protestants • Wrote Spiritual Exercisesemphasized spiritual practices of Catholics • “troops of the Pope”re-Catholicized large parts of Eastern Europe through education

  3. The Jesuits • Served as advisors to kings • Established schools in Catholic nations • Sent missionaries to convert “the heathen” • Became the militant arm of the Counter Reformation

  4. Excerpt from Spiritual Exercises “To arrive at complete certainty, this is the attitude that we should maintain: I will believe that the white object I see is black if that should be the desire of the hierarchical church, for I believe that linking Christ our Lord the Bridegroom and His Bride the church, there is one and the same Spirit, ruling and guiding us for our souls’ good. For our Holy Mother the church is guided and ruled by the same Spirit, the Lord who gave the Ten Commandments.

  5. DQ: Spiritual Exercises • How do the teachings of Ignatius of Loyola differ from the Protestant beliefs of “salvation by faith alone”?

  6. Counter-reforms • 1534 Paul III became pope, attacked abuses, and reasserted papal leadership • Catholic Church began taking steps to counteract successes of the Protestants. • Index of Prohibited Books included works by Erasmus and Galileo • Papal Inquisition was revived; heretics put to death for beliefs

  7. New Religious Orders • The Ursulinesbring Catholic education to girls • Teresa of Avila founded Carmelites (w/o shoes)life of service to God • Oratory of Divine Lovegroup of clergy looking to reform church and lead a life of piety

  8. Council of Trent (1545-1563) • Centerpiece of Cath. Ref.enhanced the power of the papacy • Reforms: 1)limited indulgences; 2)mandated a seminary for the education of clergy in every diocese • Emphasized traditional teachingsrole of priests, faith and good works, and sacraments • Baroque artmore intensely religious art

  9. A Divided Christendom

  10. Results of the Protestant Reformation • Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, Scotland) adopted Protestantism • The unity of Western Christianity was shattered • Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century • Protestant spirit of individualism encouraged democracy, science, and capitalism • Protestantism, specifically Lutheranism, justified nationalism by making the church subordinate to the state • 1555—The Peace of Augsburg allowed German princes to choose the religion of their subjects • Choice limited to Lutheranism or Catholicism • “whose the region, his the religion”

  11. Reform Elsewhere in Europe • IrelandtheAscendency, an elite Protestant group, but majority of Irish remained Catholic • ScotlandJohn Knox established Protestantism in 1560; Calvinist; Presbyterian • Francemonarch will clash with Huguenots (French Calvinists) • Spain and Italyallowed no Protestantism

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