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The Counter Reformation

The Counter Reformation. Counter Reformation. Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented by German Protestant historians. Not liked by Catholic historians, but now generally accepted. Ingredients of the Counter Reformation.

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The Counter Reformation

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  1. The Counter Reformation

  2. Counter Reformation Actions taken by Catholic Church to counteract the Protestant Reformation “Counter-Reformation” invented by German Protestant historians. Not liked by Catholic historians, but now generally accepted.

  3. Ingredients of the Counter Reformation • Reformation • Humanism • Secularism • Religious Warfare • New versions of the Bible • Vernacular • Science • Renewed religious emotionalism • Baroque Art

  4. The first “Counter-Reformation” pope Viewed the church “as a fortress to be guarded, defended, and kept on the alert” Pope Paul III (1534 – 1539)

  5. Debated the legitimacy of Protestant theology. Most attendees were Italian bishops. Council of Trent (1545 – 1563)

  6. Council of Trent (1545- 1563) Defined Catholicism for the next 400 years All medieval church law was valid Latin would remain official language Re-emphasized the importance of “good works” and “faith” No change to sacraments No more money for indulgences Priests must be educated

  7. What is an Inquisition? A tribunal designed to find heretics and bring them to justice How does it work? Accusation Anyone could testify against you No attorney No appeals Torture allowed Roman Inquisition

  8. Inquisition Punishments • Go to church • Take a pilgrimage • Wear a “cross of infamy” • Imprisonment (if you confessed) • Burned at the stake (if you didn’t) • What if you begged for mercy? • They’d strangle and then burn you • What if you died before the trial ended? • They dug up your body and burned you

  9. Results of the Inquisitions? • About 5,000 people burned • Land and property of all heretics seized by Church • Persecution of scientists • Witch hunts

  10. Scientists • Copernicus • Sun is center of universe • Excommunicated (posthumously) • Banned his books • Bruno • Believed in aliens and that Bible was not divine • Burned at the stake

  11. Galileo • Warned by Church to stop • Wrote books in Italian • “Scriptures teach us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go.” • Threatened with torture • Galileo backed down • Galileo was acquitted • in 1992

  12. Process of reviewing and censoring books Galileo’s books on list until 1835 All Protestant works Any Bible not in Latin Some books on the list until 1960s Roman Index of Prohibited Books

  13. A uniform liturgy for the Mass that would be used in every Catholic church throughout the world. Roman Missal

  14. New religious order devoted to teaching Catholicism Extremely militant, well-educated men focused on revival of Catholicism Loyola was their first leader Jesuits

  15. Jesuits established excellent schools across Europe Many famous Europeans educated by Jesuits Descartes Voltaire Even Protestants attended Ratio studiorum became the model for modern universities Jesuits and Education

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