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The Challenges of Urbanization

The Challenges of Urbanization. Urban Opportunities Urban Problems Reformers Mobilize. Urban Opportunities. Urbanization : Growth of cities. Immigrants Migration from rural areas Innovation in farming African Americans escaping violence and discrimination in the south.

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The Challenges of Urbanization

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  1. The Challenges of Urbanization Urban Opportunities Urban Problems Reformers Mobilize

  2. Urban Opportunities • Urbanization: Growth of cities. • Immigrants • Migration from rural areas • Innovation in farming • African Americans escaping violence and discrimination in the south.

  3. Americanization Movement • Programs aimed at teaching immigrants to be good citizens. • English • Government • History • Programs to teach social skills and American culture

  4. Urban Problems • Housing • Transportation • Water • Sanitation • Fire • Crime

  5. Housing • Problem: • Housing on outskirts = transportation issues • Tenements- cramped living conditions in the intercity with unsanitary conditions. • Solutions: • Row Houses - single family dwellings that share a side wall w/ other similar houses • Laws passed to guarantee minimum standards of plumbing and ventilation. • Dumbbell Tenements– 5 or 6 story buildings with indentations for ventilation.

  6. Transportation • Problem: People traveled on foot or by horse-drawn vehicles. • Solution: Mass Transit – system designed to move large numbers of people. • Street Cars • Cable (San Francisco) • Electric (Richmond, VA) • Electric Subway (Boston)

  7. Water • Problem: Availability of fresh, safe water. • Diseases like cholera and typhoid fever • No indoor plumbing – had to haul water from pumps in the street. • Solution: Public Water Works • Chlorination in 1893 (New York) • Filtration in 1908 (New York)

  8. Sanitation • Problem: • Horse manure, sewage flow through open gutters, air pollution, no dependable trash service • Solution: • Sewer Lines • City operated sanitation departments

  9. Fire • Problem: • Limited water supply to fight fires • Buildings made of wood • Use of candles and kerosene lanterns • Only volunteer firefighters • Solution: • Full-time Professional Fire Departments • Automatic fire sprinklers in 1874 • Replacement of wood buildings with brick, stone, and concrete

  10. Crime • Problem: • Pickpockets / Thieves • Con Men • Gangs • Solution: • Full-time, salaried Police Force

  11. Reformers Mobilize • Problem: Poverty in Cities • Solution: Social Reformers • Social Gospel Movement • Settlement House

  12. Social Gospel Movement • Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service. • Erected churches in poor neighborhoods • Persuaded some businesses to treat workers more fairly.

  13. Settlement Houses • Settlement House - community centers in slum neighborhoods that provide assistance and friendship to local men, women, and children-especially immigrants. • Provides educational, cultural, and social services • Jane Addams – social reformer and co-founder of Hull House in Chicago.

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