Challenges of Industrialization and Urbanization

1. Challenges of Industrialization and Urbanization American Religious History – Post Civil War to the Present

2. Challenges of Industrialization and Urbanization • Changes in American Society following the Civil War • Dwight L. Moody • Jane Addams, Hull House • Social Gospel • Prohibition • Salvation Army • YMCA & YWCA • Conclusions

3. Changes in American Society following the Civil War • Growth of the cities • Chicago was nation’s second largest city by 1900 • Economic opportunity and uninhibited freedom • Increased immigration • Larger numbers from Southern and Eastern Europe • Many Roman Catholic and Jewish rather than Protestant • Industrialization • Radical changes in everyday life • Labor – many property less, disenfranchised

4. Dwight L. Moody • Boston shoe clerk • Led to join Congregational Church by Sunday School teacher • Left for Chicago in 1856 to seek his fortune • Dedicated life to preaching and organizing Sunday Schools, full time after 1860

5. Dwight L. Moody • Revivalist • Established missions in slums of Chicago • Conducted revivals in Great Britain • Returned to America in 1875

6. Dwight L. Moody • Joined with Ira Sankey, song leader and hymn writer • Unordained and uneducated (never finished the 7th grade) • Simple Gospel – If you want the love of God, just open the door and let it shine in, no emotional display

7. Dwight L. Moody • Moody Bible Institute • Chicago • Supported by industrialists like Cyrus McCormick, store owner John Wanamaker • Reform – one soul at a time

8. Jane Addams • Established Hull House, Chicago • Branches in many cities • Daughter of a upper middle class family • Settlement House for immigrants

9. Jane Addams • Missionary to city slums, not just go home at night • Became the school, church, library, bathhouse, theater, art gallery, bank, and hospital for those in need

10. Social Gospel - Protestant • Need to minister to the temporal needs of people, more than just saving souls • Serve the local community • Institutional Churches – soup kitchens to basketball

11. Social Gospel - Protestant • Washington Gladden • Congregationalist minister in Columbus, Ohio • Served two years on city council • Advocated public ownership of utilities (water, gas, and electricity)

12. Social Gospel - Protestant • Washington Gladden • Responsible citizens should be involved in politics • Cities not ruled by corrupt as much as by the incompetent • Applied Christianity: Moral Aspects of Social Questions (1886)

13. Social Gospel - Protestant • Walter Rauschenbusch – A Theology for the Social Gospel • Baptist seminary professor from Rochester, New York

14. Social Gospel - Protestant • Walter Rauschenbusch – A Theology for the Social Gospel • Defended unions • Modern-day revivalists produce “only skin-deep changes. . .value the soul more than the body, moral integrity more than income. Industrial Revolution is in danger of killing the goose that laid the golden egg, and humanity is that goose.”

15. Social Gospel - Protestant • Charles Sheldon, In His Steps • More than personal piety • Wrote about gap between rich and poor

16. Social Gospel - Protestant • Charles Sheldon, In His Steps • Need to meet basic needs of people – food, clothing, and shelter • Urged good people, church people, to be God’s instruments in bring about change in social and political life

17. Social Gospel – Roman Catholic • John Lancaster Spalding • Bishop of Peoria, Illinois • Concerned about city’s effect on family-no settled homes, loss of a good name is just a trifle • Urban dwellings – grave of the family, not its home

18. Social Gospel – Roman Catholic • James Cardinal Gibbons • Defense of Knights of Labor • Right for labor union to exist and organize • Concerned about unsafe working conditions • Women and child labor • 14-16 hours a day • Rolling cigars in sunless tenements

19. Social Gospel - Jewish • Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (1890) • Immigrant journalist • Description with pictures of New York City where saloons outnumber churches ten to one

20. Social Gospel – Jewish • Rabbi Samuel S. Mayerberg • Kansas City, Missouri • Reform in city government • Helped organized people against the Prendergast political machine • Tapped his phone, went through his files, stole records of resistance organization • Threatened him and tried to bribe him • Experience was difficult but educational

21. Prohibition • Women’s Christian Temperance Union • Organized in 1874 by Francis Willard • Mass meetings • Distribution of literature • School prizes for essays on evil effects of alcohol • Temperance glee clubs for youth • Largest women’s organization in 19th century Francis Willard

22. Prohibition • Carrie Nation • Anti-Saloon League • Use of ax to attack saloons • WCTU more concerned with consumer than the distributor

23. Prohibition • 18th Amendment • Pushed by Anti-Saloon League • Ratified in 1919 • 21st Amendment in 1933 brought the noble experiment to an end

24. Salvation Army • Organized by William and Catherine Booth in England (1865) • Evangeline Booth, daughter, was field commissioner for United States and later head of the international movement for 30 years

25. Salvation Army • Ministered “to the lowest fallen, the most depraved, and most neglected. . .” • Legal advice, first aid, life insurance, missing persons department, & shelters

26. YMCA & YWCA • Began in England before Civil War • Most dramatic development in U. S. after the War • Housing and job training, recreation, reading material for lonely and bored • Win converts in jails, hospitals, poor houses, rescue missions, and among sailors (Philadelphia)

27. YMCA & YWCA • James Naismith – a local director • Invented basketball • Activity for youth during the long winter • Similar Young Men and Young Women’s Hebrew Associations

28. Conclusions • Last half of the nineteenth century posed significant economic problems for many in society • Various responses from religions • Revivalist – one soul at a time • Social Gospel • Prohibition • Salvation Army/YMCA & YWCA