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Management of the Reniform Nematode in Cotton

Management of the Reniform Nematode in Cotton. Kathy Lawrence, Associate Professor Plant Pathology Stan Usery, Jarrod Jones, Amy Dismukes and Taylor Boozer, Graduate research assistants

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Management of the Reniform Nematode in Cotton

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  1. Management of the Reniform Nematode in Cotton Kathy Lawrence, Associate Professor Plant Pathology Stan Usery, Jarrod Jones, Amy Dismukes and Taylor Boozer, Graduate research assistants Bill Gazaway, Dale Monks, Charlie Burmester, James Akridge, Don Moore, Yucheng Feng, Bob Goodman, Andy Price

  2. Nematodes • Microscopic worm like animals that are parasites of plants and animals

  3. Nematodes Plant Parasites Beneficial Nematodes Marine Nematodes AnimalParasites

  4. Plant-Parasitic Nematodes • All plant-parasitic nematodes possess a Stylet • A stylet is a protrusable mouth structure used to penetrate the cells of the plant.

  5. Plant-Parasitic Nematodes • Are obligate parasites that require a living host on which to feed and complete their life cycle.

  6. Shape of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Spiral Nematode

  7. Plant-Parasitic Nematodes • 300 to1000um long • 15 to 35um wide • Transparent • Visible with a microscope

  8. Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Stems Pinewood Nematode Roots Root-knot on Tomato Leaves White Tip on Rice Seed Seed Gall on Wheat

  9. Nematode Soil Sample • Only true way to determine if nematodes are present

  10. Nematode Soil Sample • Divide the field into manageable blocks. • Sample in a zig-zag manner across each block.

  11. Nematode Population DensitySeasonal Fluctuations Nematodes / pint soil

  12. Nematodes Associated With Cotton • Root-knot Meloidogyne incognita • Reniform Rotylenchulus reniformis

  13. Root-Knot NematodeField Symptoms • Elliptical areas in the field with stunted growth. • Small to several acres in size. • Later in the season areas of excessive weed growth

  14. Root-Knot NematodeField Symptoms • Knots or galls on the roots.

  15. Root-Knot Nematode • Each gall contains one or more adult root-knot females

  16. Root-knot Nematode • Second-stage juveniles (J2). • Small - 425um long • Small delicate stylet but very damaging to the roots. • The infective stage for the nematode

  17. Root-Knot NematodePopulation Thresholds • Spring 10 J2 / 100cc soil. • Fall 40 - 50 J2 / 100cc soil.

  18. Root-knot Nematode • Meloidogyne incognita • Race 1, 2, 3, & 4 • M. arenaria • Race 1 & 2 • M. javanica • M. hapla

  19. Reniform NematodeField symptoms • Uneven or up and down plant heights • Once established there are few to no symptoms. • Crop continues to produce lower yields each year.

  20. Reniform Nematode on a Cotton Root • Reniform (kidney) in shape • Anterior part of body is embedded in the root with the posterior to the outside.

  21. Reniform NematodeRoot Symptoms • Difficult to see • Small egg masses covered with soil particles • Root necrosis

  22. Gravid female Male Juvenile Female

  23. Reniform Nematode • Vermiform female is the infective stage • Small - 600um in length • Sclerotized cephalic region

  24. Reniform NematodePopulation Thresholds

  25. Plant-Parasitic Nematode Management • Resistant/Tolerant Varieties • Crop Rotations • Chemical Management

  26. Resistant Varieties Root-knot - Cotton – ST 5599 (resistant/tolerant) Soybean – resistance available Reniform - Cotton - no resistance Soybean - resistance available

  27. Resistance and Tolerance • Resistance: • Resistance is the effect of the cotton host on nematode reproduction: a completely resistant plant allows no nematode reproduction. • Tolerance: • Tolerance is the amount of cotton host injury: a tolerant plant suffers little yield loss when heavily infected with nematodes.

  28. Cotton cultivar EvaluationReniform nematode • 150cc of sterile soil • Inoculated 1000 R. reniformis. • 60 days • Reniformwere extracted combined gravity screening and sucrose centrifugal floatation. • Eggs extracted sodium hypochlorite. • Reproduction = Total reniform/initial number.

  29. Cotton cultivar yield response to R. reniformis (tolerance). • Varieties planted with and without • a nematicide. • Determine R. reniformis numbers. • Yield • with and without the nematicide.

  30. Field Trials Materials & Methods • Infested reniform nematode • Nematicides; • Temik + Vydate • Telone • Nematodes sampled at planting, mid-season, and harvest • 12 varieties tested • 4 reps • Seed cotton yields recorded

  31. Limestone Co. 2003-2004 -1.2; +7.5 +13.8; +2.1 +0.3; +19.4

  32. Escambia Co., AL

  33. 2004, Huxford, AL • Thanks to a tropical storm and hurricane Ivan yields were not recorded in 2002 or 2004

  34. Cotton cultivars High yielding cultivars provide the most economic benefit currently – Tolerance has varied by location and year.

  35. Crop Rotation Root-knot - resistant soybeans Reniform - resistant soybeans - corn, grain sorghum, peanut

  36. Soybean Variety Evaluations Reniform Nematode Mississippi State University Screened - 114 varietiesResistant MG –IV, V, VI 8 University of Arkansas Screened - 190 varieties Resistant MG –III + IV - 190 4 Auburn University Screened - 126 varieties Resistant MG –IV - VIII 0 (8 MR)

  37. Average Seed Cotton YieldOne Year Rotation- W. GazawayEscambia Co. AL

  38. 50+

  39. Chemical Management

  40. Nematicide Tests - 2005 Small Plots - Nematicides - Telone II Vapam Temik 15G Vydate C-LV Experimental Temik Seed Treatments Avicta complete pack Gaucho L1489A FS EC Gaucho exp600003BFS SC Biological N-Hibit

  41. Material and MethodsSmall Plot Tests - 2005 Variety ST 5599 BG/RR DP 444 BG/RR Exp. Design Randomized complete block 5 -6 replications Plot Design 2 -4 row plots 25’ long & 36 -40” row spacing Planting Date April 29 and May 1, 2005 Nematodes Sampled Monthly Extraction Technique Gravity screening and centrifugal flotation Harvest Date Oct. 5, 2005 KSL ‘06

  42. Avicta Complete Pak, Temik 15 G and VydateC-LV2005 Test 108ADP 444 BG/RR TreatmentRateApplication 1. Dynasty+Cruiser --- --- 2. AvictaCP 0.15 mg/seed Seed treatment 3. Dynasty+Temik 15G 5.0 lb In-furrow 4. AvictaCP+Temik 15G 0.15mg+5.0 lb ST + IF 5. Dynasty+Temik +Temik 15G 5.0+ 5.0 lb ST + IF + SD 6. AvictaCP+Vydate 0.15mg+17oz ST+6LS 7. AvictaCP+Temik+Vydate 0.15mg+5lb+17oz ST+IF+6LS 8. Dynasty+Cruiser+Vydate 0.15mg+17oz ST+6TL KSL ‘06

  43. Vydate KSL 06

  44. LSD 657 KSL 06

  45. KSL 06

  46. Vydate KSL 06

  47. LSD 343 KSL 06

  48. KSL 06

  49. Avicta Complete Pak 2005 Test 104ADP 444 BG/RR ST5599BGRR TreatmentRate 1. Dynasty + Cruiser --- 2. AvictaCP 0.15 mga/seed 3. Dynasty + Temik 15G 5.0 lb 4. Dynasty + Temik 15G 7.0 lb 5. Allegiance + Baytan + Thiram + Temik 15G 5.0 lb GWL ‘06

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