The Enlightenment 1600-1800

1. The Enlightenment1600-1800 Mr. Zywicki and Mr. Chmiel MHS WORLD STUDIES

2. Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment • In the wake of the Scientific Revolution came the Enlightenment. • This was an era in which people used reason to try to understand more about human behavior and solve the problems of society • Reason, liberty, and progress

3. Enlightenment – Age of Reason • The Enlightenment is also called the “Age of Reason.” • It began in France and spread to Britain, America, and beyond. • Its motto: “AUDERE SAPERE,” Latin for “DARE TO THINK”

4. Europe in the 1600s-1700s • “Old fashioned” • Absolute monarchies • Dominance of the Christianity • Church supported absolute monarchs (“divine right of kings”) • People were supposed to not ask questions, accept things based on faith in God, and not challenge governmental authority.

5. Philosophes • A group of French philosophers who wrote about government, law, and society were known as the philosophes. • Baron de Montesquieu believed in employing three branches of government that could balance each other’s powers. • Voltaire fought the slave trade and religious prejudice with his witty writings. • Denis Diderot collected Enlightenment articles in an Encyclopedia that helped to spread ideas throughout Europe and the Americas. • Jean-Jacques Rousseau thought people were basically good and should be much freer from governmental controls. • Mary Wollstonecraft stood up for their inclusion in the new societies that were being imagined.

6. Denis Diderot • All things must be examined, debated, investigated without exception and without regard for anyone’s feelings. • We will speak against senseless laws until they are reformed; and, while we wait, we will abide by them.

7. Diderot’s Encyclopédie

8. The Encyclopédie • Complete cycle of knowledge…………...…change the general way of thinking. • 28 volumes. • Alphabetical, cross-referenced,illustrated. • First published in 1751.

9. Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

10. Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

11. Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

12. Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie

13. An Increase in Reading

14. An Increase in Reading

15. New Ideas Challenge Society • While churches and monarchies tried to stop the flow of Enlightenment ideas through censorship • Enlightenment thinkers found new ways of spreading their ideas, such as through novels and salons.

17. Arts and Literature Reflect New Ideas • The Enlightenment saw the birth of new styles in art, music, and literature. • Painters embraced the lighter and more informal rococo style; composers, too, moved away from the baroque and into rococo and classical music. • This was evidenced in the works of Handel, Haydn, and Mozart. • In literature, the novel was king as audiences devoured long stories about their own times.

18. A Parisian Salon

19. Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

20. The Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris

21. Zoology & Biology A dissection at the Royal Academy, London.

22. Chemistry Labs & Botany Gardens

23. Natural History Collections • Cocoa plant drawing. • Sir Hans Sloane(1660-1753). • Collected from Jamaica.

24. Natural History Collections James Petiver’s Beetles(London apothecary)

25. Private Collections The Origins of Modern Museums.

28. It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtuethat makes the difference. Voltaire

29. The Baron de Montesquieu • Three types of government: • Monarchy • Republic • Despotism • A separation of political powers ensured freedom and liberty

30. Government must preserve “virtue” and ”liberty.” Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains. The Social Contract Jean Jacques Rousseau

31. English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both wrote about society and the ideal form of governing it. • Hobbes thought people needed strict control to rein in their naturally brutish tendencies. • Locke thought people were moral at heart and were entitled to certain natural rights, which governments were obliged to protect.

32. Thomas Hobbes: 1600’s A.D. • People give up (cede) their own sovereignty (power) to the state --- government then provides peace and order

33. John Locke: • Government limited by consent of the governed • Natural Rights: inherent to being a human – life, liberty, pursuit of happiness • Governments who do not protect citizens’ natural rights can be justly overthrown • American Revolution and French Revolution

35. Enlightened Despots Embrace New Ideas • Some absolute rulers of the time adopted limited reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideas. • Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great, Franz Joseph of Austria • Austria all showed religious tolerance. • Still the monarchs were not willing to share their power.

37. New Economic Thinking • Economists also applied reason to their study of economics during the Enlightenment. • Adam Smith and a group of French thinkers called physiocrats urged economies that operated with little government control.

38. Adam Smith • The Wealth of Nations, 1776 • Self Interest • Invisible Hand • Power of Market • Wealth of Nations = GDP • Destroys mercantilism • Laissez Fair Tax policies

40. ASLR1 AS1 Price Level P1 AD1 o Q1 Real GDP

41. Franklin: Friends with Voltaire Lived in Paris and frequented salons Publisher Scientist Lightening Inventor Stove Politician Activist Hospitals Anti-slavery The Enlightenment in America

42. The American “Philosophes” John Adams(1745-1826) ThomasJefferson(1743-1826) Ben Franklin(1706-1790) …...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…………...

43. Thomas Paine (1737-1809) • Common Sense, 1776 • The Rights of Man, 1791