The Balkans

1. The Balkans Eastern and Central Europe in Film and Print

2. Origins of Slavic People

3. 500 - 1000 A.D.

4. 1000- 1300 A.D.

5. Ottoman Empire 1566-1700

6. 1700 - 1800

7. 1812

8. Religious Majorities 1900

9. The First Balkan War: 1912 • Russia & Austrian-Hungarian Empire two great powers • Balkan League formed to drive Turks out • Bulgaria • Serbia • Montenegro • Greece • Threatened war with A-H if status quo upset • Albania declared independence • A-H and Turks feared Russia port on Adriatic (threat to both empires)

10. The Second Balkan War: 1913 • Serbs turned against Bulgarians • Occupied Kosovo and Macedonia • Regarded Kosovo as cradle of their civilization • Serbs wanted to expand and create a Greater Serbia • Threatened status quo and neighboring empires • A-H wanted to create alliance of Southern Slavic states against Russia KOSOVO

11. World War I • 1914: Franz Ferdinand (heir to King) shot in Sarajevo by Serb nationalist • Wanted to unify Southern Slavs in Bosnia and Kosovo as bulwark against Serb expansion • Ignites WWI • A-H defeated • Kingdom of Southern Slavs (Yugoslavia) uniting Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, and Slovenia • Serbs dominate; Croats prefer independence

12. World War II • WWII: Croatian Ustashi Fascists welcome Hitler, become independent state (inc. Bosnia) • Serbs, Jews, Gypsies , and anti-Fascist Croats killed in concentration camps • Balkans controlled by Axis powers • Germany controls Serbia • Italy controls Montenegro • Albanians occupy Kosovo • Bulgaria occupies Macedonia

13. 1941-45 W.W. II

14. After World War II • Tito (communist) and Mikailovic (Serb nationalist) emerge as political rivals • Tito creates communist federation of six republics: • Croatia • Montenegro • Serbia (including Kosovo and Vojvodina) • Bosnia-Herzegovina • Macedonia • Slovenia

15. Soviet Union & Satellites - 1970

16. Collapse of Soviet Union: 1989- 91

17. The Balkans: 1991-1992 • 1992: Federation falls apart • Nationalism replaces communism as force • Slovenia and Croatia break away after conflict with Serbia • Tudman’s HDZ party stirs Croatian nationalism • Rural Serbs in Croatia resist Croat nationalization (remember WWII Ustashi) • Milosovic’s Chetnik agitators stir up Serbs in Slovenia • Fighting breaks out in Croatia and Slovenia • UN cease fire; Serbs get 1/3 Croatia • Croats “ethnicially cleansed” from region

18. The Balkans: 1991-1992 • Conflicts between: • Bosnian Muslims & Serbs • Belgrade backs Bosnian Serbs who want to remain part of Yugoslavia and create a greater Serbia • Muslims driven from homes (ethnic cleansing) • 1993: Bosnian Muslim gov’t besieiged • Bosnian Muslims fight separate war withBosnian Croats who want to be part of Croatia

19. The Balkans: Dayton Agreement (1995) • Two entities in Bosnia: • Bosnian Serb Republic • Muslim-Croat Federation • Croats reclaim territory captured by Serbs • 200,000 Serbs leave Croatia

20. The Balkans: 1998 • 1998: Kosovo Liberation Army and majority ethnic Albanians rebel against Serbian rule • International community opposes independence • NATO launches air strike against Serbs (1st ever attack on sovereign European country) • Thousands of Kosovo Albanian Muslim refugees flee Serb atrocities • Atrocities reported on both sides

21. The Balkans: 1991-1998 COUNTRYMinority CROATIA Serbs (rural; remember CroatUstashi in WWII) SLOVENIA Serbs PARTY/ARMY Democratic Croatian Union (HDZ) Serbian-backed Chetnick agitators Slovenian Territorial Defense (TD) JNA KEY EVENTS& OUTCOME Serbs get 1/3 Croats “cleansed” Serbs defeated in ‘95 Serbs “cleansed” Croatian recognized as independentTD defeats JNA in 10- day war Declares independence

22. The Balkans: 1991-1998 COUNTRYMinorities BOSNIA Muslims (president) Croats PARTY/ARMY Serbian SDS (blue & white) + JNA Muslim SDA (green crescents) Croat HDZ (red-checkered shield) KEY EVENTS& OUTCOME SDS-SDA alliance SDA purges Serbs JNA builds defenses in Sarajevo SDA-HDZ win EC vote recognizing Bosnia War breaks out JNA + Chetnicks vs BiH Muslims Non-Serbs “cleansed”

23. The Balkans: 1991-1998 COUNTRYMinorities BOSNIA Muslims (president) Croats PARTY/ARMY Serbian SDS (blue & white) + JNA Muslim SDA (green crescents) Croat HDZ (red-checkered shield) KEY EVENTS& OUTCOME Muslims + Croats fight each other 1995: Croats defeat Serbs US/NATO launch raids on Serbs UN peacekeepers deployed 3.5 million Croats and Muslims displaced

24. The Balkans: 1991-1998 COUNTRYMajority KOSOVO Muslim Albanians(2/3 population) PARTY/ARMY Serbian JNA KLA KEY EVENTS& OUTCOME 1960s: Albanians repressed Serbs 57,000 Serbs flee Serb gov’t “harasses” Albanians KLA formed “Cleansing” and refugees NATO bombing “Autonomy”

25. Criticisms of US, UN & European Policies • Failed to intervene in Croatia • US against Croatian and Slovenia independence • Gave Serbs invitation to intervene militarily to prevent the independence of these republics and to seize territory for “Greater Serbia” • Failed to support democratic movements • Serbs: We helped Kosovo, but didn’t help minority Serbs in Croatia • UN failed to heed warnings of rape/atrocities • NATO bombings killed many innocent people