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Particulates Nation's Cleanest Cities

Learn about particulate matter (PM) and its impact on health and the environment. Understand the classifications, sources, health effects, and diseases related to particulate exposure like asbestosis. Discover the risks and hazards associated with metals like lead, mercury, beryllium, cadmium, and chromium.

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Particulates Nation's Cleanest Cities

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  1. Particulates Nation's Cleanest Cities

  2. Definitions • Particulate – a particle of solid or liquid matter • Particulate Matter (PM) – A suspension of fine solid or liquid particles in the air

  3. Dust Fume Smoke Smog Vapor Mist Fog Aerosol Fiber Physical Forms

  4. Classification of PM • Coarse particulates – diameter 2.5 -10 µm (PM10) • Fine particles – 0.1 - 2.5 µm (PM2.5) • Ultra fine particles – (.001 - .1 µm) • Measurement: µm (micrometers) • A unit of length equal to one thousandth (10-3) of a millimeter or one millionth (10-6) of a meter.

  5. Those emitted directly to the atmosphere Primary Particulates

  6. Those formed by reactions involving other pollutants Secondary Particulates

  7. Where Do Particles Come From?

  8. Impact of Particle Size • Fine particles vs. coarse (larger) particles • Which are more damaging?

  9. aggravated asthma increases in respiratory symptoms like coughing and difficult or painful breathing chronic bronchitis decreased lung function premature death Impacts of Particulate Matter

  10. What Determines Potential Health Effects From Particulate Exposure? • Length of exposure • Type and toxicity • Concentration • Size of particulates • Activity level and breathing rate • Age and overall health

  11. Individualized Effects • Allergies • Asthmatics

  12. Which particles do you think travel farther? PM2.5 PM10

  13. How far do you think PM10 particles can travel? 500 miles 100 feet 25 miles

  14. How far do you think PM2.5 particles can travel? 100 feet 25 miles 500 miles

  15. Reaction of lung tissue to presence of accumulated dust Symptoms: shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, difficulty in expectorating Two common forms of pneumoconiosis are asbestosis and silicosis Pneumoconiosis

  16. Probably the oldest occupational disease Causative agent is crystalline silica (respirable) Some forms of crystalline silica include quartz, cristobalite, and tridymite Symptoms – dyspnea, unproductive cough Exception: Acute silicosis Acceptable exposure Silicosis

  17. Asbestos • Group of silicates derived from serpentine (crysotile) and amphibole • Fibrous forms include: • Chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, anthophyllite, actinolite, tremolite • Toxicity theories • Morphology • Metal content • Chemistry

  18. Asbestos – Who is at risk? • Asbestos has been widely used in many industrial products, including cement, brake linings, roof shingles, flooring products, textiles, and insulation. • Exposure common among shipyard workers, people who work in asbestos mines and mills, producers of asbestos products, workers in the heating and construction industries, and other trades people. • If tiny asbestos particles float in the air, especially during the manufacturing process, they may be inhaled or swallowed.

  19. Asbestosis • Definition: Fibrous scarring of the lungs caused by inhalation of fine airborne asbestos fibers • Exposure to asbestos increases the risk of: • Lung cancer • Asbestosis – non-cancerous, chronic lung ailment • Mesothelioma – cancer of the lung lining and stomach lining

  20. Acceptable Exposure - Asbestos • 0.1 f/cc

  21. Talcosis Diatomaceous earth Coal workers pneumoconiosis Shaver’s disease Byssinosis Some Diseases Related to Asbestos/Silica

  22. Metals

  23. Representative Metals • DIETARY ESSENTIALS (Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, K, Se, Na, Zn) • BASIC TOXICITY VARIES highly toxic: Co, Cu, Cr, P, Se carcinogenic: Cr, Co moderately toxic: Mn, Zn low toxicity: Ca, Fe, Mg, Mo, K, Na • ==> Pb, Hg, Be, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, V, As, Zn

  24. Lead (CFR 1910.1025) • Various forms of industrial interest • Oxides • Carbonates • Sulfates • Sulfide • Chromate • Silicates • Fate in body • Ingestion, skin, inhalation

  25. Lead • Toxic Effects • Gastrointestinal effects (colic) • Palsy • Encephalopathy • Diagnosis • Work history • Medical history • “Lead line” • Weakness in hands/wrist • Blood or urine analysis • Exposure Limit (OSHA): 50 ug/m3

  26. Mercury • Industries with Hg poisonings • Mining, detonator manufacture, hatter’s trade (mad hatters), thermometers/ barometers, solder, dentist (amalgams), labs

  27. Mercury • Acute toxicity • Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms • Lesions • Chronic toxicity • Inflammation of mouth • Muscular tremors • Psychic irritability

  28. Beryllium • Uses • Used in alloys with Cu, MG, Al, Ni, Fe • Used in electronic industry • Acute toxicity • Symptoms of chemical pneumonia • Chronic toxicity • Chronic lung disease • Also liver, kidneys

  29. Cadmium • Uses • Used in alloys • Electroplating of metals • Batteries • Pigment (yellow) • Acute toxicity • 3-6 hrs- URT irritation, cough, chest pain, chills • 8-24 hrs -Dyspnea, cough, weakness • 4-7 days - death • Chronic toxicity • Cadmium line, pulmonary damage, anosmia, kidney damage, cancer potential

  30. Chromium • Uses • Electroplating (auto and electrical equipment) • Alloying w/ Fe & Ni (stainless steels) • “Hexavalent” • Acute toxicity • Irritation of respiratory system, sneezing, runny nose, sensitization • Chronic toxicity • Chrome ulceration • Dermatitis • Ulceration of nasal septum • Increased cancer risk

  31. Manganese • Uses • Used in iron and steel industry • Used some in chemical and battery industries • Two forms of poisoning • Pulmonary • Nervous system • 1st phase: anorexia, vision, behavior changes, unsteady • 2nd phase: voice, facial, movement • 3rd phase: muscle rigidity, progressive

  32. Nickel • Uses • Stainless steel industry, electroplating, surgical and dental equipment, coinage • ACUTE TOXICITY • due to “carbonyl” • can be fatal • CHRONIC • dermatitis, sensitizer • chemical pneumonia • lung cancer

  33. Vanadium • Uses • Steel, crude oil • Pentoxide • Acute/chronic toxicities are similar • Symptoms • sore throat, lacrimation, cough, pneumonia, green colored tongue

  34. Arsenic • Uses • Insecticides, wood preservative, glass manufacturing • Acute toxicity • irritation, swallowing difficulties, cyanosis and collapse • Chronic toxicity • G.I. complaints, loss of strength, ulcers, loss of hair, cancer

  35. Zinc • Uses • Galvanizing (tool, automotive, transportation industries) • Zinc chloride • Zinc chromate • Zinc oxide • most prolific cause of “metal fume fever” • similar to flu • blue gum line “Burton line” • usually short-lived (Photos courtesy of J. Lewis)

  36. Zinc oxide fume

  37. Zinc oxide fume

  38. dietary essentials sensitizers carbonyls metal fume fever Burton lines mental effects carcinogens bad odors oddities Summary of Metal Toxicities

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