Goal 5 Terms

1. Goal 5 Terms

2. : nickname of Patrons of Husbandry; farmers organization that tried to fight against railroad monopolies, etc that hurt farmers economically • The Grange • : organizations such as the Grange that were organized on a national level • National Farmer Alliances • : group of southern white farmers; would not allow black members; • Southern Alliance • : group of African American farmers formed to help sharecroppers and tenant farmers; • Colored Farmers Alliance • : adopted by the founding convention of the Populist Party in 1892, set out the basic tenets of the Populist movement. • Omaha Platform • : created the Interstate Commerce Commission, the first true federal regulatory agency; was designed to address the issues of railroad abuse and discrimination and required that shipping rates had to be published ; secret rebates were outlawed; and price discrimination against small markets was made illegal. • Interstate Commerce Act • money was sent back to certain shippers who used the railroads so their prices were actually lower • Rebates • : ran for both Democrats and the Populists during the Election of 1896. • William Jennings Bryan

3. : famous speech by Bryan where he said he would not be held to the gold standard; wanted to coin silver • Cross of Gold Speech • : money not backed by gold; led to inflation • Greenbacks • : invented by Elisha Otis • Elevator • Used for transportation in cities • Electric trolleys • Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives; muckraker; showed slums, etc. • Jacob Riis • : entry point for immigrants who entered through New York city. • Ellis Island • : problems faced by immigrants when they reached the US with their different customs. • Culture shock • : set up to aid immigrants in teir neighborhoods; offered English classes, child care, gymnasiums, Settlement houses • : progressive reformer who set up Hull House one of the first settlement houses • Jane Addams • : housing for poor called this because of their distinctive shape viewed from above. • Dumbbell tenements • : limited the number of Chinese immigrants into the US; supported by nativists and labor unions • Chinese Exclusion Act • : invented by Bell; changed communication and opened up many jobs for women; • Telephone

4. : invented telephone • Alexander Graham Bell • : many inventions dealing with electricity; incandescent light bulb; phonograph, motion picture • Thomas Edison • : invention that changed communication; • Typewriter • : illegal shops hiring immigrants; dangerous conditions, long hours, low wages • Sweatshops • : became popular in early 20th century; ex. Coney Island • Amusement parks • : also became popular in early 20th Century; baseball most popular in US at this time • Spectator sports • : one of first landscape architects; designed Central Park, grounds at Biltmore House • Frederick Olmstead • : many types of culture existing in cities in US during early 20th Century • Cultural pluralism • : growth of cities during this time period • Urbanization • : fear or mistrust of immigrants and foreigners • Nativism • : US culture became a mixture of several foreign cultures • Melting pot • : more efficient way to make steel; increased production • Bessemer Process

5. : one of captains of industry; made fortune in steel business; US Steel; vertical integration; philanthropist; Gospel of Wealth • Andrew Carnegie • : richest man on earth when he died; Standard Oil Trust; monopolist; horizontal integration • John Rockefeller • : investment banker during this time; • J. P. Morgan • : Railroad and steamship transportation; Biltmore House in Asheville • Vanderbilt family • : drilled first oil well in US in Pennsylvania • Edwin Drake • : trust set up by Rockefeller to monopolize the oil refining industry • Standard Oil Company • : monopoly set up by JP Morgan; originally started by Carnegie • U. S. Steel • : invented the air brake; revolutionized RR • George Westinghouse • : belief that it was the duty of the rich to help the less fortunate • Gospel of Wealth • : wrote rags to riches books • Horatio Alger • : survival of the fittest applied to economics • Social Darwinism • : forms a monopoly without actually trading stock; trade trust certificates; monopolizes the market • Trust • : one firm controls the entire market • Monopoly

6. : name coined by Mark Twain; time after Reconstruction up to Progressive era • Gilded Age • : labor unions often wanted to improve these; • Working conditions • ; tended to be low for most industrial workers; • Wages • : many industries hired children because they did not have to pay them as much • Child labor • : organized by the type of job; same as trade union • Craft unions • : same as craft union • Trade unions • : industrial union in late 1800s; Terrence Powderly; died after Haymarket Riot; wanted to replace capitalism with socialism • Knights of Labor • : KofL meeting ruined when anarchists used a bomb and killed many policemen • Haymarket Riot • : new craft union formed in late 1800s; very successful; higher wages, better hours, and better working conditions • American Federation of Labor • : founder of AFL • Samuel Gompers • : socialist; founder of American Railway Union; • Eugene Debs

7. : threatened by unions if there was no negotiation; workers refuse to report for their jobs and instead set up picket lines trying to keep people from breaking the strike; • Strike • : attempt to work out a deal between 2 competing sides • Negotiation • : going to a third party to settle disputes • Mediation • : Union acts as the agent for the workers in negotiation with management • Collective bargaining • : agreement by union and management to submit their arguments to a neutral third party • Arbitration • : agree not to join a union as a condition of employment • Yellow-dog contract • : must belong to a certain union to get a job at this company • Closed shop • : passed by Congress to outlaw trusts, and activities to monopolize the market • Sherman Antitrust Act • : country's first major rail strike and witnessed the first general strikes in the nation's history. The strikes and the violence it spawned briefly paralyzed the country's commerce and led governors in ten states to mobilize 60,000 militia members to reopen rail traffic • The Great Strike (1877)

8. : occurred in 1894 when the Pullman workers went on strike called by the American Railway Union; Govt issued an injunction to sop the strike; leader of ARU, Debs, was arrested and convicted • Pullman Strike • : violent strike in 1892 eventually won by Henry Frick and the Carnegie steel company • Homestead Strike • Sherman Anti-Trust Act: listed earlier • : set up civil service reform; placed many government jobs on merit system, not controlled by the spoils system • Pendleton Act • : political parties who controlled cities and often used graft and corruption to maintain control • Political machines • : William Marcy Tweed, the political boss of the Tweed Ring, or Tammany Hall; • Boss Tweed • : New York City political machine also called the Tweed Ring • Tammany Hall • : editorial cartoonist; responsible for bringing Boss Tweed to justice • Thomas Nast • : RR construction co. owned by stockholders of Union Pac RR; charged far more to build RR than it cost to build it • Credit Mobilier scandal • : stealing govt money by members of the govt. • Graft • Whiskey Ring scandal: listed earlier

9. : attempt to get more govt control back in the hands of the common people; many farmers involved in this party; many reforms were later accomplished by the Progressives • Populism • : secret ballot; Populist reform • Secret ballot (Australian • : allows people of a state to propose legislation without going through the state legislature • Initiative • : allows people of state to force a vote by the entire state on a proposed bill • Referendum • : allows the people to remove an officeholder before his term is complete • Recall • : group of independent Republicans who bolted their party to vote for the Democrat, Grover Cleveland instead of Blaine, who they felt was corrupt • Mugwumps

10. : African American leader to believed vocational education was the key to advancement of blacks in society. Get a good vocational education so you can get a good job and make money. The money will lead to greater power. • Booker T. Washington • : African American leader who believed that blacks should demand equal rights, etc.; Also believed that the talented tenth of African Americans should lead the way to equality; helped lead the Niagara Movement and helped found the NAACP. • W.E.B. Dubois