Cities and Urban Land Use

1. Cities and Urban Land Use

2. Urban Geography • How cities function, their internal systems and structures, and the external influences on them. • 2 Ways of studying Urban Geography • Systems of cities: how cities influence the landscape around them, how they connect to one another, and how they are distributed nationally and globally • Internal cities: internal workings of cities, analysis of patterns of land use, racial and ethnic segregation, architecture, intra-city transportation, cycles of construction and development • Uses census data, and narrative accounts

3. Urban Areas • What’s an “urban” area? • Nucleated-clear core area(s), people that live there have non-agricultural jobs • Central City • Usually surrounded by Suburbs-nucleated spaces that use much land for residences but are not self-sufficient • Modern cities and towns so close together they form an urbanized area that is continuously built up landscapes and buildings=Physical city • Metropolitan Area

4. Urban Hierarchy • Clustered settlements range in size-arranged by complexity of their centralizing functions • Smallest to Largest • Hamlet-small cluster of farms, and basic services • Village-small cluster of homes, and more specialized services • Town-larger than village, has more specialized services (bank, schools, library) has a hinterland (area dependent on the town) • City-larger population, functional specialization, larger hinterlands, greater centrality, Central Business Districts (CBD) • Megalopolis-multiple cities that have grown together-

5. Social Life of Urban Areas • Louis Wirth says 3 characteristics of cities that set it apart from rural areas • Large Size- too many acquaintances to keep track of everyone’s personal life • Many people but don’t know most very well • High Density-people have highly specialized jobs, each person in city serves specific purpose-people compete for space (high cost of living), greater differences in rich and poor • Social heterogeneity-lots of diversity, freedom and independence not available in rural ares

6. Origin and Evolution of Cities • Ancient and Early River Civilizations: Formative Era • Nile, Mesopotamia, Indus River, China • As populations grew, the need for decision makers to distribute food came to be (urban elite) • Functions of Ancient Cities: • Centers of power-government headquarters • Religious centers-priests, temples, shrines • Economic centers-markets, merchants, traders • Educational centers-educators for the urban elite

7. Urbanization around Mediterranean • City-states-self-governing communities plus the surrounding countryside • Athens, Sparta, Thebes • Rome-becomes an urban empire connected by roadways and waterways

8. Urbanization in China • Han Dynasty (ruled during Roman Empire) will have largest city in world Chang’an and later Luoyang • Located on rivers and near Silk Road trade route • Connected by roads, rivers, canals

9. Medieval cities • Roman empire falls and cities take a hit in Europe • Venice and Genoa (because of sea trade) remained strong • Churches were center of Medieval European cities • By 1000 AD the largest cities were in Asia • Baghdad, Constantinople (Istanbul), Kyoto, Chang’an, Hangchow. • Not until 1800 did Europe have the most populated city in the world-London

10. Pre-industrial Cities • Pre-industrial cities were the centers for culture (because industry had not moved in yet!) • Primate cities-larger than other cities in the area and representing a national culture • Kyoto-primate city for old Japan, Paris, London • However! One major difference is that religious buildings dominated landscapes of cities in Middle East, Europe, the Americas but not Africa or East Asia • Trade routes and networks determined a cities success and growth-called mercantile city where trade was central to design

11. Industrial Cities • Because of the Industrial Revolution-the manufacturing city emerged-where factories attracted laborers from all over boosting major population growth in urban areas • Transportation to and fro and within develops • Problems will grow quickly but so will solutions like government intervention and city planning and zoning

12. World Cities and Megacities • Manufacturing cities begin to decline as outsourcing and LDC’s are used for that type of labor • World Cities include: • Largest regional cities: New York, Tokyo, London • Second Tier cities: Chicago, Los Angeles, Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich, Sao Paolo, Singapore, • Third Tier cities: Bangkok, Bombay, Hong Kong, Manila, Osaka, Seoul, Taipei, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Johannesburg

13. Tiers of World Cities • Based on centrality of these services- • Business-corporations, banks, insurance companies, stock exchanges, legal and accounting firms, airports, busy harbors, junction of rail and highway networks • Consumer-retail business, entertainment and cultural offerings (plays, concerts, restaurants, museums) • Public-government headquarters, ambassadors, lobbyists

14. Megacities • Term created by UN in the 1970’s • 25 total megacities=population over 10 million • Some include: • Tokyo • Mexico City • Seoul • New York City • Sao Paulo • Mumbai • Delhi • Shanghai • Los Angeles • Osaka

15. Functions of Cities • Transportation centers-where major routes converge (roads, railroads, sea traffic, air transport) • Special Function Cities-engaged in mining, manufacturing, or recreation • Provide goods and services for surrounding area from a central place

16. Economic Base of Cities • City workers provide services outside city- “export activities” money flows into city-basic sector of a cities economy. • Those who produce goods or services for residents of city-non-basic or service sector • Some geographers compare number of workers in service and basic sectors-called base ratio of a city

17. The Changing City • Borchert’s 4 Stages in the Evolution of American cities: • 1. Sail-Wagon Epoch(1790-1830)-technologies determined job opportunities of people entering city • 2. Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)-railroad technology changed nature of trade and employment • 3. Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)-steel industry transformed urban America and job opportunities of workers • 4. Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1960)- internal combustion engine came to dominate lifestyles, employment, and economic base of cities

18. Models of Urban Systems • 2 theories of settlement geography-patterns of settlement on earth • Rank-Size Rule-true for urbanized cities in the US not in LDC’s or in regions with a dominate primate city-nth largest city will be 1/nth the size of the largest city-2nd largest city will be ½ the size of the first ranked city • .

19. Models of Urban Systems • Central Place Theory-cities are centers for distribution of goods and services for non-urban populations • The landscape is divided into noncompeting market areas—complementary regions where each area and its merchants have a monopoly • Market areas form a series of hexagons, no area is un-served, no two centers • Central place is at the center of each hexagon, supplies all goods and services to that area • Market area is determined by the number of goods and services • Some hexagons have smaller ones within it, hierarchy of central places

20. Internal Cities • Analyze the internal land space of a city, varying uses • Use several factors to analyze • Accessiblity • High cost of accessible space • Transportation • Societal and cultural needs

21. Models of Urban Land Use • Concentric Zone Model-Cites grow outward from a central area (CBD) in a series of concentric rings • Sector Model-variant of concentric zone theory, cities develop in sectors not rings from a (CBD) • Multiple-Nuclei Model-a city grows from multiple nodes, not just from a (CBD)

22. Patterns of class, age, gender, race, and ethnicity • Social area analysis-takes census data and overall picture of how various peoples are distributed within an area (city) • Most Urban Land Models support the idea that people prefer to live near others with similar characteristics • Social Class, Age and Marital Status, Gender (feminization of poverty), Race and Ethnicity clustered into (ghettos) from historical segregation patterns in US