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Fungi

Fungi. Chapter 22. All fungi have. Heterotrophic – obtain food by breaking down organic molecules that they absorb from the environment Most are multicellular ; few are unicellular Sessile - cannot move around, but they do not have roots or stems Have cell walls made of chitin

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Fungi

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  1. Fungi Chapter 22

  2. All fungi have • Heterotrophic – obtain food by breaking down organic molecules that they absorb from the environment • Most are multicellular; few are unicellular • Sessile - cannot move around, but they do not have roots or stems • Have cell walls made of chitin • The same carbohydrate found in insect exoskeletons

  3. Fungi Structure • All fungi except yeast have bodies composed of thread-like filaments called hyphae

  4. Fungi Structure cont. • Hyphae grow and form a network or mat of filaments called a mycelium • Mycelia provide a high surface-area-to-volume ratio which makes a fungus well suited for absorbing nutrients from the environment • Most of the mycelium is embedded in the host or in the soil and cannot be seen

  5. Mycelia

  6. Some hyphae can be separated by porous walls called septa

  7. Fungi Feeding • All fungi obtain nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes that break down organic matter • Fungi are either parasitic which means they absorb their food from living organisms or saprophytic which means they absorb their food from dead organisms. • Fungi can also be mutualists living together with other organisms.

  8. Fungi Reproduction • Most fungi reproduce by forming spores sexually or asexually. • Reproductive structures form at the tips of hyphae, away from the food source • This allows the spores to be carried easily by wind to new habitats • Fungal groups are classified based on the type of sexual reproductive structures each forms

  9. Spore Prints!

  10. Chytrid Fungi • Characteristics: • Only group that is aquatic; mainly saprobes, some parasites • Extras: • Similar to protists because they are unicellular and produce spores and gametes that have flagella. • The similarities between chytrids and protists suggest that fungi may have evolved from protists that had flagella.

  11. Chytrid Fungi • Harmful/Disease: • Because some are parasitic and aquatic, they are the cause for the decline in amphibian populations

  12. Zygote Fungi • Examples:Black bread mold • Characteristics: Live on land, mostly saprobes (feed on dead material) • Harmful/Diseases: Some cause cancer, spores may create respiratory problems • Helpful: Many are decomposers and recycle nutrients; some are used to make cortisone

  13. Zygomycota

  14. Zygote Fungi Extras • Extras: Sexual spores are formed in zygosporangia when two hyphae join • Due to the zygosporangium tough capsule, it can resist hot, cold, and dry conditions

  15. More Mold!

  16. Sac Fungi • Examples: Yeasts, morels, truffles, powdery mildews, cup fungi • Characteristics: Largest division of fungi • Harmful/Diseases: Cause a lot of plant diseases such as Powdery mildews on fruit, Chestnut blight, Dutch Elm disease • Helpful: Food (morels, truffles), making bread (yeast) • Extras: Have a sac-like structure called an ascus that produces spores

  17. Ascomycota

  18. Yeast • Are unicellular and reproduce asexually by budding (small cells pinch off from the larger cell) • Are anaerobic • Used to make beer, wine, baked goods, vaccines and citric acid for soda

  19. Club Fungi • Examples: Toadstools, mushrooms, rusts, smuts, puffballs, bird’s nest, and bracket fungi • Characteristics: Basidia usually develop temporary, visible reproductive structures that vary in shape and size • Harmful/Diseases: Rusts, smuts caused diseases in plants, Toadstools are poisonous mushrooms and can cause death

  20. Basidiomycota

  21. Helpful: Food (mushrooms) • Extras: Sexual spores are formed in basidia (club-shaped) • Fungi can grow quite large. In fact, the largest known organism on the planet is a club fungus in Oregon that is 3.5 miles across.

  22. Lichen • Are organisms that are symbiotic relationships between a photosynthetic partner (cyanobacterium or alga) and a fungus • Algae provides food (carbohydrates) for both organisms because sunlight can penetrate lichen for photosynthesis • Fungus provides water and minerals absorbed from rain along with protection to the alga • However, they are sensitive to air pollution • First organisms of primary succession, break down rocks to make soil.

  23. Lichen

  24. Mycorrhizae • Symbiosis between fungi and the roots of nearly all plants • 80% of plants form this type of relationship • Fungi’s hyphae aids the plant in absorbing water and minerals, by forming a network that covers the roots, increasing the surface area • Fungi also release enzymes that free nutrients (phosphorus, copper, etc…) in soil • Plants provide fungi with food and organic nutrients (sugars and amino acids) from photosynthesis

  25. Mycorrhizae

  26. Fungi and Disease • Fungi can infect the skin and nails, these are called dermatophytes • Some cause athlete’s foot, toenail fungus, ringworm, yeast infections (on reproductive organs and mouth) and respiratory illness when spores are breathed in

  27. Credits • Fairy ring— • http://web.utk.edu/~extepp/profiles/OT/turfgrass/diseases/fairyring-l.jpg • Myceliumleaf— • http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/TFTOL/images/myceliumleaf.jpg • Mycorrhizae— • http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://share3.esd105.wednet.edu/rsandelin/Resources/Pictures/Mycorrhza.jpg&imgrefurl=http://share3.esd105.wednet.edu/rsandelin/Resources/mushrooms.htm&h=343&w=501&sz=17&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=JrWbOa09L9A-YM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmycelia%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den • hyphae1— • http://www.rogers.k12.ar.us/users/ehutches/hypha1.gif • small_hyphae— • http://www.world-of-fungi.org/Introduction/small_hyphae.jpg • Fungal_hyphae— • http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/81140/Fungal_hyphae_620.JPG • moldonceiling— • http://www.epa.gov/mold/images/photo2.jpg • moldspore— • http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2005/113-12/mold.jpg • Danish_blue_cheese— • http://maona.net/img/food/danish_blue_cheese.jpg • myceliumfh1— • http://img255.imageshack.us/img255/7296/myceliumfh1.gif • Rhizoid fungi— • http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20Laboratory/Fungi/Fungi.htm • Spore Prints— • http://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/spore-prints.html • http://www.kalyx.com/images/lsprint.jpg

  28. Credits continued • Ryebread2— • http://www.moldbacteria.com/Ryebread2.gif • morel— • http://www.capsandstems.com/graphics/morel1.jpg • yeast— • http://i6.photobucket.com/albums/y237/fanaticcook/yeast.jpg • trufflewhite640— • http://www.oakleaf-european.co.uk/gallery/640/TruffleWhite640.jpg • corn_smut— • http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/mushrooms/Corn_smut_P7200179.JPG • bird’s nest fungi— • http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=11576&rendTypeId=4 • plant rust— • http://www.csiro.au/files/images/pgon.jpg • shelf fungi— • http://www.moplants.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2006/11/fungi%203.JPG • lichen on tombstone— • http://www.ngsprints.co.uk/images/T/957216.jpg • Penicillium%20notatum— • http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/labpics/Penicillium%20notatum.JPG • spk1_mycorrihyzal— • http://www.kiwipower.com/photos/spk2_myc.jpg • mycorrihiza— • http://www.extension.iastate.edu/NR/rdonlyres/9F52B085-0961-430F-9D2D-D36239916D52/24897/mycorrhiza012706.jpg

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