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Renaissance

Renaissance. Renaissance, literally "rebirth," the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages, a time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural “decline” and “stagnation.”

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Renaissance

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  1. Renaissance • Renaissance, literally "rebirth," the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages, a time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural “decline” and “stagnation.” • The term Middle Ages was coined by scholars in the 15th century to designate the interval between the downfall of the classical world of Greece and Rome and its rediscovery at the beginning of their own century, a revival in which they felt they were participating.

  2. Renaissance • The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing, the mariner's compass, and gunpowder.

  3. Ptolemaic & Copernican • Galileo (1564–1642), Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic & Copernican (1632) • Aristotle (4th c. BC) • Ptolemy (~AD 130), holds an astrolabe • Copernicus (1473–1543), holds a model of a planet orbiting the Sun

  4. Musical Renaissance Johannes Tinctoris (1436-1511) Flemish music theorist, composer, and author of the earliest dictionary of musical terms

  5. Tinctoris: Liber de arte contrapunti Book on the art of counterpoint, 1477: “There does not exist a single piece of music, not composed within the last forty years, that is regarded by the learned as worth hearing. Yet at this present time there flourish countless composers who glory in having studied the divine art under John Dunstable, Gilles Binchois, and Guillaume Dufay, recently deceased.” [contra Chaucer 1375 ]

  6. Geoffrey Chaucer (1342/43-1400)- outstanding English poet before Shakespeare and “the first finder of our language” Of instruments of strings in accord Heard I so play a ravishing sweetness That God, that Maker is of all, and Lord, Ne heard never better, as I guess. (1375)

  7. Masters Guillaume Dufay & Binchois

  8. Renaissance Composers:Origins, Orbits, and Centres of Activity

  9. 1st–2nd Musician Generations Burgundian Flemish

  10. 3rd–4th Generations: Franco-Flemish

  11. 5th Generation and towards Baroque: Italian

  12. Towards Baroque

  13. 1542–1623 1532–94 Venice • A. Gabrieli 1510–86 G. Gabrieli ~1557–1613 Monteverdi 1567–1643 ~1525–94 1548–1611

  14. Renaissance Genres • Johannes Tinctoris: Terminorum musicae diffinitorum (1495) • Mass:liturgical text cantus magnus • Motet: non-liturgical sacred text cantus mediocris • Song(Fr. chanson, Ger. Lied, It. madrigal): free text cantus parvus

  15. Mass: liturgical text, cantus magnus

  16. Original Hymn

  17. Motet: non-liturgical sacred text, cantus mediocris John Dunstable: Quam pulcra es et quam decora

  18. Dunstable’s Motet • Three voices • fauxbourdon-like cadences (series of 6th-chords) • English sweetness in the sounds (3rd, 6th) • conductus style • for the court • free tenor • free religious text • homophonic • melismatic “alleluia” at the end • declamatory text-setting

  19. Motet: Josquin des Prés: “Ave Maria”

  20. French Chanson Gilles Binchois: “Files a marier”

  21. German Lied Thomas Stoltzer: “Erst wird erfreut mein traurigs Herz”

  22. Italian Madrigal Claudio Monteverdi: “A che torni” (from 1st Madrigal Book)

  23. Italian Secular Songs • Madrigal: • music for text (seconda practica 1605) • chromatic, free dissonances, 5-parts • subjective, aristocratic, private (musica reservata) • Frottola (nonsense): • public • 4-parts, homophonic • ricercar as improvised prelude • Villanelle (peasant): • 3-parts, homophonic • parallel fifths as parody of madrigal

  24. Madrigal • Madrigal: • music for text (seconda practica 1605) • chromatic, free dissonances, 5-parts • subjective, aristocratic, private (musica reservata)

  25. Frottola (nonsense) • public • 4-parts, homophonic • ricercar as improvised prelude Marco Cara

  26. Villanelle (peasant) Giovan Domenico da Nola • 3-parts, homophonic • parallel fifths as parody of madrigal

  27. Renaissance Features • polyphony–homophony as contrast (motet style) • thorough imitation • imitative counterpoint, pair imitation • text-produced motives, declamatory soggetti (subjects): vocalization

  28. Harmonice musices odhecaton A • 100 Songs of Harmonic Music, vol. A • collections titled Canti B and Canti C followed • anthology of polyphony published in 1501 by the printer Ottaviano Petrucci

  29. Harmonice musices odhecaton A • first publication of polyphonic music printed with movable type and contains 96 (not 100) pieces, mostly French chansons published without texts, by composers such as Agricola, Busnois, Compère, Hayne van Ghizeghem, Isaac, and Josquin

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