Periodization

1. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

2. Europe in the 6c

3. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

4. Charlemagne’s Empire

5. Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

6. The Carolingian Renaissance

7. Carolingian Miniscule

8. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843

9. Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

10. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

11. Setting Out on Crusade

12. Christian Crusades: East and West

13. Holy Roman Empire

15. Holy Roman Empire • Not necessarily Holy, but deferred to and “protected” the Pope • Not necessarily Roman, but German • Not necessarily an Empire, but a collection of German “Principalities” (from “Prince”) • Christianity the unifying force all over Europe • “Excommunication” and “Interdict” kept kings and princes in line

16. Holy Roman Empire • Otto the Great • Used clergy to offset power of nobles. Built up monasteries and allied with abbots. • Crowned King in 936, crowned emperor in 962 after invasion of Italy • Henry IV • Lay investiture problems – banned by Pope in 1075 • Concordat of Worms – veto power of Pope

17. Frederick I “Barbarossa” • First to call lands “Holy Roman Empire” after elected by German princes • Invaded Italy’s rich cities; merchants and Pope vs Barbarossa • 1176 – crossbow-wielding Lombard League soldiers at Legnano defeated Feudal Knights – 1st time! • Weakening of “king” in Germany, but strengthening of lands in France and England…

18. The Rise of European Monarchies: England

19. William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066(Bayeaux Tapestry)

20. Evolution of England’s Political System • Henry I: • William’s son. • set up a court system. • Exchequer dept. of royal finances. • Henry II: • established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. • grand jury. • trial by jury.

21. Magna Carta, 1215 • King John I • Runnymeade • “Great Charter” • monarchs were not above the law. • kings had to consult a council of advisors. • kings could not tax arbitrarily.

22. The Beginnings of the British Parliament • Great Council: • middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c. • eventually called Parliament. • by 1400, two chambers evolved: • House of Lords  nobles & clergy. • House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

23. The Rise of European Monarchies: France

24. Feudalism meets Monarchy • English Kings (Plantagenets) own lands in France (Aquitaine, for example). • Are Kings of England vassals to the French Crown (Capetians)? • Tough questions, when England and France are gaining identities as “Frenchmen” and “Englishmen” rather than “Franks” or “Angles” or “Saxons” or “Burgundians.”

28. Gothic Architectural Style • Pointed arches. • High, narrow vaults. • Thinner walls. • Flying buttresses. • Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors. • Stained-glass windows. “Flying” Buttresses

29. Commerce and Nationalism • Rise of a commercial class leads to a strengthening of trade and commerce. • Goods and ideas exchanged, time of “revolution” away from feudalism and to nation-states with powerful commercial interests • Along with destruction of Feudal chivalry on the Crusades, new trade means that change is on the wing! • Europeans ready to join the world.

30. Medieval Universities

31. Medieval Trade

32. Medieval Guilds Guild Hall • Commercial Monopoly: • Controlled membershipapprentice journeyman  master craftsman • Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. • Controlled prices