Diseases

1. Diseases Chapter 9

2. Objectives • Differentiate between communicable and non-communicable diseases • Identify the symptoms of various diseases • List 5 strategies which should be utilized by members of their age group to avoid contraction of these diseases • Know the risk factors for cancer • Identify the seven warning signs of cancer • Be able to list the steps for the BSE and TSE

3. Objectives cont… • List important aspects of periodic self/doctor examinations • Differentiate between Type I and Type diabetes • List three risk factors for type II diabetes

4. Communicable Diseases • Transmitted from person to person • Transmission can occur by: • Direct transmission • Coughing or sneezing • Indirect transmission • Contaminated water or infected insects

5. Types • Tuberculosis • Mononucleosis • Hepatitis • Meningitis • Common Cold • Influenza

6. Tuberculosis • Why have rates risen in the past decade??? • Affects the lungs • Caused by the bacillus microorganism – Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Transmitted by airborne droplets when someone with active TB coughs, talks, or sneezes

7. Tuberculosis cont… • Latent TB • Will have a positive skin test • Not ill • Cannot infect others • May develop TB later in life

8. Tuberculosis cont… • Active TB • Infants, adolescents, & young adults are at risk • Symptoms: fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, decreased appetite, low grade fever, and night sweats • A cough generally develops slowly • Infections involves the lungs, but can spread to other parts of the body • One half of untreated individuals will die • With treatment, 5 – 10% will die

9. Tuberculosis cont… • Diagnosis • Chest x-ray • Culture and microscopic examination • Treatment • Active TB: combination of medication • Treatment failure due to the development of drug-resistant strains, caused by the irregularity in taking medications

10. Mononucleosis • Transmitted by saliva exchange • Majority of cases occur in 15 – 30 yr olds • Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, which attacks the lymphocytes • Symptoms • Initially, mild symptoms of headache & fatigue • Followed by, lymph node enlargement and sore throat

11. Mononucleosis cont… • Medical concerns • Enlargement of the spleen • Rare but possible complications, such as hepatitis, meningitis, encephalitis, and coma • Diagnosis • Blood test that detects the Epstein-Barr virus • Treatment • Bed rest, adequate hydration, non-aspirin analgesics

12. Hepatitis • “Inflammation of the liver” • Causes of Hepatitis • Alcohol or drug induced inflammation • Virus – most common • 6 different viruses (A, B, C, D, E, & G) • Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern • 5,000,000 people are infected with Hepatitis B or C

13. Hepatitis cont… • Hepatitis can cause: • Rapid liver failure and death • Cirrhosis and/or liver cancer – a slower process • Hepatitis A & B - more likely to cause symptoms • Hepatitis B & C - more likely to contribute to long-term health problems

14. Hepatitis A • Poses the least threat • Transmission: • contact with food or water which has been contaminated with infected human waste OR • direct person-to-person transmission • May be no symptoms at all, but commonly there are “flu-like” symptoms • The course of the illness varies from mild symptoms lasting 1-2 weeks to severe symptoms lasting several months

15. Hepatitis A cont… • Individuals at risk: • Household or sexual contacts of infected individuals • Children in day care settings and their adult caretaker • Patients and caretakers in institutionalized settings • Recent travelers to developing countries

16. Hepatitis A cont… • Treatment: • Analgesics for pain • IV fluids in the presence of excessive vomiting to prevent dehydration • Prevention: • Careful hand washing • Proper sewage disposal • Effective water treatment – developed countries • Vaccine is available • Recommended if traveling to a country with poor sanitation

17. Hepatitis C • The most serious viral hepatitis to date • Transmission is similar to Hepatitis B • Risk factors: • Blood transfusion prior to 1992 • IV drug abuse • Most who contract the virus have no symptoms • Some will have “flu-like” symptoms

18. Hepatitis C cont… • 85% of those infected will develop a chronic infection • If left untreated, an individual is at higher risk for cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure • Treatment: • Interferon • Rebetron • No vaccine available

19. Meningitis • Spread by direct contact through respiratory and throat secretions (e.g., coughing, sneezing, kissing, and immediate sharing of unwashed eating utensils) • There should be special concern if someone in your household or dorm, daycare, or intimate partner has contracted meningitis

20. Meningitis cont… • Infection of the fluid of a person’s spinal cord and the fluid that surrounds the brain • Viral Meningitis • Most common • Less severe • Treatment: bed rest, fluids, medicine to relieve fever and headaches

21. BacterialMeningitis • Can cause blindness, deafness, permanent brain damage, learning disability, or even death • Can be treated successfully with antibiotics if caught early • Classic symptoms: high fever, severe headache, a stiff neck, and a skin rash that looks like small, purplish red spots • Other symptoms: nausea, vomiting, discomfort looking into bright lights, confusion, and sleepiness • Symptoms can take anywhere from 2-10 days after close exposure to someone with meningitis

22. Common Cold • Caused by several different viruses • Transmitted directly or indirectly • Symptoms: congestion, sneezing, sore throat, coughing, and a low-grade fever • Medication can ease symptoms

23. Influenza (Flu) • Viral infection of the nose, throat, bronchial tubes, and lungs • Transmission similar to the common cold • Symptoms: high fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint ache, coughing and fatigue

24. Reducing the Risk of Contracting the Cold and/or Flu • Wash hands often • Do not touch infected areas • Drink plenty of water • Adequate rest • Avoid using handkerchiefs • Vitamin C • Flu shot

25. Non-Communicable Diseases • Not transmitted from person to person • Develops from many sources: • Genetic predisposition • Lifestyle factors • Sun exposure • Smoking • Physical inactivity • Unhealthy eating habits

26. Types • Cancer • Asthma • Diabetes

27. Cancer • Characterized by the growth of abnormal cells • Tumors are benign or malignant • Classified by cell type and organ of origination • 4 classifications: • Carcinoma • Sarcomas • Leukemias • Lymphomas

28. Risk Factors • Family history: 10% of all cancers • Race and culture • Carcinogens: 80-90% of all cancers • Environmental and occupational hazards • Sun exposure • Cigarette smoking • Viruses • Alcohol consumption • Poor dietary habits

29. 7 Warning Signs of Cancer 1.Change in bowel or bladder habits 2. A sore not healing 3. Unusual bleeding or discharge 4. Thickening lumps 5. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing 6. Obvious change in wart or mole 7. Nagging cough or hoarseness

30. Cancer cont… • WHAT IS THE KEY TO BEATING CANCER??? • Treatment: • Surgery • Radiation • Chemotherapy • Immunotherapy

31. Skin Cancer • Most common form of cancer • 90% occur on parts of the body not usually covered by clothes (face, hands, forearms, & ears)

32. Types of Skin Cancer • The two most common: • Basal cell carcinoma • Squamous cell carcinoma • The fatality rate is less than one percent • Less prevalent: • Malignant melanoma • Incidence is rising 4-5% each year

33. Risk factors • blond or red hair • freckling on upper back • rough red bumps on skin • family history of melanoma • 3 or more blistering sunburns as a teenager • 3 or more years at an outdoor job as a teenager • living in the southern United States

34. Skin cancer cont… • risk increases 3-4 times w/ 1 or 2 characteristics • risk increases 20-25 times w/ 3+ characteristics

35. Prevention • Avoid sun when your shadow is shorter than you • Cover up when in the sun • Use sunscreen with SPF 15 or greater • Beware of cloudy days, water, and snow • Avoid tanning beds

36. Early Detection • Skin Self-Exam (SSE) • Performed each month • Start with the head and work downward • Look for a change in: • Size • Shape • Color • Elevation texture • Sensation

37. Lung Cancer • #1 cause of cancer deaths in U.S. • 85% of all lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking • Other carcinogens: asbestos, secondhand smoke, radiation and radon exposure • Is there early detection for lung cancer??? • Symptoms: • chest pain, shortness of breath • recurring bronchitis or pneumonia • weight loss or loss of appetite • nagging cough • anemia

38. Breast Cancer • Most common form among women (besides skin cancer) • Risk factors: • Age 40 and older • family history • early onset of menstruation • having no children or at a late age • late menopause • obesity

39. Breast Cancer cont… • What is the best way to reduce mortality rates among breast cancer patients??? • Women age 20 + should perform monthly BSE’s • Routine mammograms by age 40 • Breast Self Exams: • Look for masses within the tissue or changes in appearance • Conduct self exam at the same time each month • One week after the beginning of the menstrual period

40. Breast Self Exams cont… • Procedures: • Mirror • Bath or Shower • Lying Down

41. Cervical Cancer • No symptoms in the early stages • Symptoms: uterine bleeding, cramps, infections, pain in the abdominal region • Risk Factors: 1st vaginal intercourse at an early age, multiple sex partners, infections with certain types of HPV’s, & cigarette smoking • Early Detection: Pap Smear – can detect cervical cancer early and is easily treated in women who have regular exams

42. Pap Smear • A check for pre-cancerous cells or early cancer of the cervix • Can help prevent up to 90% of cervical cancer • When should you have your first pap smear? • How often should you have a pap smear?

43. Testicular Cancer • Most common cancer among younger males (ages 15 – 34) • Risk Factors: • Greatest Risk factor: undescended testicle as a child • Other risk factors: family history, inguinal hernia, testicular trauma, mumps, elevated testicular temperature, & vasectomy

44. Testicular Self Exams • Exams should begin at age 15 • How often should you perform a TSE??? • When should you perform a TSE??? • Procedures: • Mirror • After a Bath or Shower

45. Asthma • Respiratory disorder which involves difficulty breathing • Individuals will notice a wheezing sound • In some cases, an individual can remove themselves from an irritant • Most attacks require medical intervention

46. Asthma cont… • Risk factors: family history, exposure to certain allergens, certain viral infections, and cigarette smoke • Individuals are twice as likely to have asthma, if their mother smoked • Most children outgrow the condition

47. Diabetes • Insufficient insulin production by the pancreas OR • The body’s inability to utilize insulin • 2 functions of insulin • move glucose from blood to cells • convert glucose to glycogen • Types of diabetes: Type I and Type II

48. Type I Diabetes • associated with child or adolescent onset • pancreas does not produce insulin • requires regular injections • Symptoms: • fatigue, irritability, abnormal hunger or thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss • symptoms appear suddenly and dramatically • Treatment: monitor blood glucose and adjust the amount of insulin injected

49. Type II Diabetes • Associated with adult onset and obesity • Insulin produced, but the cells of the body do not use it effectively • Symptoms: • drowsiness, blurred vision, itching, slow healing of cuts, skin infections, & numbness of fingers and toes • symptoms appear gradually

50. Type II Diabetes cont… • Complications: • Diabetic coma, seizures, strokes, heart attacks, gangrene of the lower extremities, & blindness • Leading cause of blindness among adults • Accounts for half of all amputations • Treatment: • Healthy diet • Regular exercise • Maintain healthy body weight and fat levels • In some instances, insulin may be required