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RENAISSANCE

RENAISSANCE. OUTSIDE ITALY. SOURCE: A HISTORY OF THE MODERN WORLD – PALMER, COLTON, KRAMER. RELIGIOUS SCHOLARSHIP & SCIENCE. CHRISTIAN HUMANISM OF THE NORTH => BLEND OF OLD AND NEW LOTS OF NEW UNIVERSITIES ESTABLISHED. PAGAN HUMANISM OF ITALY NO NEW UNIVERSITIES IN 15TH C. GERMANY.

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RENAISSANCE

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  1. RENAISSANCE OUTSIDE ITALY SOURCE: A HISTORY OF THE MODERN WORLD – PALMER, COLTON, KRAMER

  2. RELIGIOUS SCHOLARSHIP & SCIENCE CHRISTIAN HUMANISM OF THE NORTH => BLEND OF OLD AND NEW LOTS OF NEW UNIVERSITIES ESTABLISHED • PAGAN HUMANISM OF ITALY • NO NEW UNIVERSITIES IN 15TH C

  3. GERMANY • MAIN CENTRE OF EUROPEAN LIFE • POLITICALLY DIVIDED • ECONOMICALLY PROSPEROUS • INVENTIONS, PAINTING, SIENCE...

  4. LEGEND OF FAUST • DRAMATISED BY MARLOWE IN 1593 • AND GOETHE IN GERMAN POETRY IN 1808 LEARNED GERMAN WHO SELLS HIS SOUL TO THE DEVIL IN RETRUN FOR KNOWLEDGE AND POWER What does the story of Dr Faust want to tell us?

  5. MYSTICISM MYSTICISM = THE INDIVIDUAL SOUL CAN COMMUNE DIRECTLY WITH GOD MYSTIC DOES NOT NEED REASON,WORDS OR SACRAMENTS SOUGHT A DEEPER RELIGION IN WHICH THE CHURCH A A SOCIAL INSTITUTION HAD NO PLACE

  6. LAY RELIGION CONSISTS OF ALL MEMBERS WHO ARE NOT A PART OF THE CLERGY, FOR EXAMPLE A NUN OR BROTHER • GERARD GROOTE FOUNDED RELIGIOUS SISTERHOOD IN THE NETHERLANDS • SISTERS AND BROTHERS OF THE COMMON LIFE: • RELIEVING THE POOR • TEACHING

  7. ERASMUS OF ROTTERDAM 1466 – 1536 MOST IMPORTANT NORTHERN HUMANIST RIDICULED MEDIEVAL THOUGHT STUDIED CLASSICAL WRITERS URGED PEOPLE TO READ NEW TESTAMENT TO IMPROVE THEIR WAY OF LIFE ATTACKED ABUSES IN THE CHURCH

  8. NEW MONARCHIES • MIDDLE 15TH C: • CENTRAL GOVERNMENT HAD BECOME WEAK DUE TO WARS, FEUDAL REBELLION, BANDITRY • EMERGENCE OF NEW MONARCHS WHO TRIED TO IMPOSE CIVIL PEACE => GUARANTEE OF LAW AND ORDER • ALLY WITH THE MIDDLE CLASS (TIRED OF WARS) • DEVELOP AN ARMY OF FOOT SOLDIERS (MERCENARIES) • BREAK DOWN ATTACHMENT TO FEUDAL, COMMON LAW (REPLACING IT WITH ROMAN LAW)

  9. ENGLAND TUDORS (1485 – 1603) HENRY VII GAINED THE THRONE BY FORCE (WAR OF THE ROSES) FORBADE THE NOBILITY TO HAVE PRIVATE ARMY ESTABLISHED NEW COURT TO PERSECUTE NOBLES

  10. FRANCE LOUIX XI VALOIS (1461 – 1483) BUILD UP ROYAL ARMY ENLARGED HIS POWERS OVER THE CLERGY GAINED MUCH GREATER POWER THAN ENGLISH TUDORS => TO TAX WITHOUT CONSENT

  11. SPAIN • TWO KINGDOMS WITH NO COMMON POLITICAL, JUDICIAL OR ADMINISTRATIVE INSITUTIONS: • ARAGON (BALEARIC ISLAND, SARDINA, SICILY, SOUTH ITALIAN KINDOM OF NAPLES) • CASTILE (NEWLY DISCOVERED AMERICAS) • JOINED BY MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND OF ARAGON AND ISABELLA OF CASTILE IN 1469

  12. SPAIN JEWS AND MUSLIMS EXPELLED SPANISH LIFE BECAME A CRUSADE AGAINST UNBELIEF AND HERESY • AFTER CONQUEST OF GRANADA (1492) RELIGIOUS CONFORMITY BECOMES BASIS OF NATIONHOOD => SPANISH INQUISITION

  13. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE & HABSBURG SUPREMACY HRE CONSISTED OUT OF: PRINCELY STATES (HEREDITARY AND DYNASTIC) ECCLESIASTICAL STATES (CHURCH CITY-STATES, UNDER BISHOPS OR ABBOTS) FIFTY IMPERIAL FREE STATES (DOMINATED COMMERCIAL AND FINACIAL LIFE)

  14. HOUSE OF HABSBURG 1452: ARCHDUKE OF AUSTRIA, A HABSBURG, BECOMES HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR BY MARRIAGE THE HABSBURGERS ACCUMULATED AN IMMENSE EMPIRE

  15. EUROPE ON THE VERGE OF UNIVERSAL MONARCHY? • DID NOT HAPPEN DUE TO: • DECLINE OF THE CHRUCH • RISE OF HUMANISM • RISE OF NEW MONARCHS • RESISTANCE OF FEUDAL LORDS TO NEW MONARCHS • DIVISION OF GERMANY • SPREAD OF RELIGION OUTSIDE THE OFFICIAL CLERGY • ZEAL OF SPAIN • POWER OF CHARLES V • FEARS FELT IN THE REST OF EUROPE TO BE ABSORBED BY THE HRE

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