The States of Matter

1. The States of Matter

2. States of Matter • The physical forms in which a substance can exist. • I can illustrate the particle arrangement and type of motion associated with different states of matter. Today’s Essential Question What are the phases of matter?

3. A.Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) C.liquid B.solid D.gas E.plasma The 5 phases of matter Essential question:What are the phases of matter?

4. What causes matter to behave in a certain way? At room temperature; why is Copper a solid, Mercury a liquid, and Helium a gas?

5. Particles of Matter • Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules. • These particles are too small to see without a very powerful microscope • Atoms and molecules are always in motion and are always bumping into one another.

6. The Kinetic Theory of Matter A. Moving particles have energy, kinetic energy B. All particles of matter are in constant motion 1. Determines the state or phase of matter 2. Gives matter certain properties Essential question:What causes matter to behave a certain way?

7. What are the characteristics of each phase of matter?

8. The Common States of Matter A. Solids 1. Have a definite shape and volume 2. Particles are packed very close together and have order 3. Particles are fixed but can vibrate Like you guys right now in your seats! Essential question:What are the characteristics of each phase of matter?

9. There Are Two Kinds of Solids • Crystalline solids have a very orderly, three-dimensional arrangement of particles. These particles are arranged in a repeating pattern. • Amorphous solids are made of particles that do not have a special arrangement. Diamond Iron Ice Glass

10. B. Liquids 1. Particles are close together but they are free to move around. The particles slide past each other until the liquid takes the shape of the container. Like you guys in the hallways! 2. They have no definite shape 3. They have a set volume due to the attraction among particles Essential question:What are the characteristics of each phase of matter?

11. Unique Characteristics of Liquids • Surface Tension – a force that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid. It causes some liquids to form spherical drops. • Viscosity – a liquid’s resistance to flow. Usually the stronger the attraction between the molecules of a liquid, the more viscous the liquid.

12. C. Gases 1. They have no definite shape or volume 2. Energy is too high for particle attraction 3. Particles are far apart and move rapidly Essential question:What are the characteristics of each phase of matter?

14. Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school…Until Now!

15. Plasma Bose-EinsteinCondensate

16. We all know about: SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES Lower Temperature Higher Temperature

17. But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

18. NO! If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get The 4th state of matter: PLASMA

20. D. Plasma 1. Particles are ionized and glow 2. Is the most common phase of matter in the universe * 99% of observable matter in the universe 3. Examples: Essential question:What are the characteristics of each phase of matter?

21. Some places where plasmas are found… 1.Flames

22. 2. Lightning

23. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

24. 4. Neon lights

25. 5. Stars Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe.Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

26. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

27. 6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars 6

28. So now we know all about four states of matter: PLASMAS(only for low density ionized gases) LIQUIDS GASES SOLIDS Lower Temperature Higher Temperature

29. But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?

30. Not Necessarily! In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures. Einstein Bose +

31. Finally, in 1995 (only 11 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his students The 5th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate

32. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

33. Here is a picture a computer took of Bose-Einstein Condensation The big peak happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way! (We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)

34. Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…

37. To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you need to know Quantum Physics

38. In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate: The Nobel Prize

39. The five states of matter: PLASMAS(only for low density ionized gases) BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Lower Temperature Higher Temperature

40. http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter

41. low high high low slow fast low high high low

42. What are the 5 phases of matter? All particles of matter are in _________ motion. Which phase of matter has no definite shape or volume? Which phase of matter has a definite volume but no definite shape? Which phase of matter is like you guys at a pep rally? Which phase of matter is the most abundant in the universe? CYN (Check your notes)