The States of Matter

1. The States of Matter What do you understand? http://www.psinvention.com/kinetic.htm http://www.clickandlearn.org/Gr9_Sci/Particle_Theory.htm

2. Matter • Matter is anything that has mass and volume. • Mass is the quantity of matter a substance or object contains. • Mass is usually measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg). • Volume is the amount of space taken up by a substance or object. • Volume is usually measured in millilitres (mL), litres (L), or cubic centimetres (cm3). Comparing the basketball and bowling ball, which has more mass? Volume? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

3. Matter comes in 4 states! • Solids • Liquids • Gases and • Plasma

4. Fixed mass Fixed Volume Fixed Shape Solid Yes Yes Yes Liquid Yes Yes No Gas Yes No No States of Matter The three familiar states (phases) of matter. solid gas liquid (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

5. Solids • Particles are densely packed together • Particles do not move freely- but vibrate • Solids have a definite shape and a fixed volume.

6. Liquids Particles move more freely than in solids. The movement of the particles allows liquids to flow- or move more freely than solids Liquids have a definite volume but their shape can change!.

7. The particles in a gas have a lot of energy. They move very freely and will try to fill what ever space they are placed in Gases have no definite shape and no definite volume Gases

8. The 4th state of matter-Plasma

9. What is PLASMA? Plasma is by far the most common form of matter. Plasma in the stars and in the tenuous space between them makes up over 99% of the visible universe and perhaps most of that which is not visible. On earth we live upon an island of "ordinary" matter. The different states of matter generally found on earth are solid, liquid, and gas. Sir William Crookes, an English physicist, identified a fourth state of matter, now called plasma, in 1879.

10. Plasma is important but… • Since we can’t really study it in the class room, we are going to spend more time studying the three more common states of matter!

11. The three more common states of matter

12. A physical change! • Changing the state of matter is a physical change! • The molecules are the same- they are just moving with a different amount of energy!

13. Changes of State Solid Melting Liquid Boiling Gas Take the Section 7.1 Quiz (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

14. Remember…. The KINETIC Molecular Theory!

15. The Particle Model of Matter • All matter is made of small particles that are too small to see. (atoms or molecules) • The particles are always moving. • There are spaces between the particles. The amount of space varies depending upon the amount of energy (and the state). • The particles are attracted to one another. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

16. The Kinetic Molecular Theory • All matter is made of very small particles. • There is empty space between particles. • Particles are constantly moving. The particles arecolliding with each other and the walls of their container. • Energy makes particles move. The more energy theparticles have, the faster they move and further apart they get. Solid: Particles are so tightly packed together they cannot move freely. They can only vibrate. Liquid: Particles are farther apart and they can move by sliding past each other. Gas: Particles are very far apart and move around quickly. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

17. How do solids become liquid? Addheat energy!! • The heat energy will make the particles move faster and the solid will melt and become a liquid. The energy needed is called heat of fusion.

18. How do liquids become solid? Remove heat energy! • As you remove the heat energy the particles will slow down and the liquid will freeze and become a solid. The energy needed is called heat of fusion.

19. How do liquids become gas? Add heat! • Once again- the heat energy will make the particles move faster and as they speed up the liquid will evaporate and become a gas. The energy gained is called heat of vaporization.

20. How do gases become liquid? Once again- remove heat energy! • As you remove the heat energy, the particles slow down and the gas will condense into a liquid. The energy lost is called heat of vaporization.

21. Process Change of State Heat Energy Gained Heat Energy Lost Melting Solid to liquid Evaporation Liquid to gas Condensation Gas to liquid Solidification Liquid to solid Sublimation Solid to gas Deposition Gas to solid Remember- energy affects the changes of state • Melting point is the temperature at which solid turns to liquid. (remember- it is the same as the freezing point!) • Condensation point- the temperature at which a gas turns into a liquid • Boiling point is the temperature at which liquid turns into gas. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

22. Let’s review!The Kinetic Molecular Theory • Matter is composed of small particles (molecules or atoms). • The particles are in constant motion. This motion is different for the 3 states of matter. • Heat energy (measured by temperature) affects the speed at which the particles move. The higher the temperature- the greater the amount of heat energy making the particles move faster The lower the temperature- the lower the amount of heat energy making the particles move slower

23. The Difference Between Energy, Heat and Temperature • Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of all the particles in the substance. • Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two material of different temperature. • Heat is always transferred from the substance with a higher temperature to the substance of a lower temperature. • Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

24. Thermal Expansion and Contraction • Thermal expansion is the increase in volume of a substance when its temperature is raised. • Thermal contraction is the decrease in volume of a substance when its temperature is lowered. Can you use the concepts of thermal expansion and contraction to explain how a thermometer works? (c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007

25. Remember-as matter changes state….. It is a physical change. The amount of energy changes- not the particles themselves!