Eisenhower & the Cold War

1. Eisenhower & the Cold War • In 1952, World War II hero Dwight Eisenhower was elected president • At home, he tried to promote the “good times” of the 1950seconomic boom • In foreign policy, he took a strong stand against Communism

2. Brinksmanship • Eisenhower began a “New Look” to fight the Cold War: • He invested heavily in new long-range nuclear missiles (ICBMs) • In foreign policy, he used veiled threats of nuclear war to achieve his goals (called brinksmanship) • IncaseofaSovietattack,theU.S. would use “massive retaliation” thus making the use of nuclear weapons unlikely on either side

3. Nuclear submarines The stockpiling of ICBMs

4. What are the stakes of war?Massive Retaliation?Mutual Assured Destruction?

5. Americans were anxious by the threat of nuclear war & built fallout shelters for protection

6. Covert CIA Operations • In addition to relying on nuclear weapons, Eisenhower increased the role of the CIA in foreign policy • The CIA spied on foreign nations & carried out covert operations to weaken communist governments • The CIA led successful coups in Iran & Guatemala and tried to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba

7. The Eisenhower Doctrine In 1957, the president issued the Eisenhower Doctrine, pledging the USA to protect the Middle East from Communism • After Stalin’s death in 1953, new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev began to challenge U.S. influence: • In 1955, the USSR formed the Warsaw Pact alliance • In1956,theSovietmilitaryviolently suppressed an anti-communist revolt in Hungary • In 1956, the USSR began to make moves towards the Middle East

8. Sputnik & the Space Race • In 1957, the USSR launched the 1st space satellite, Sputnik I • People feared that the U.S. had lost its competitive edge • The National Aeronautics & Space Administration(NASA)wasformed in 1958 to catch up to the Soviets • National Defense Education Act was created to promote math, science, & technology education Advanced placement (AP) classes were created as a result of the NDEA

9. The “space race” intensified the Cold War between USA & USSR The Original Seven NASA Mercury Astronauts

10. Essential Question: • How did President Kennedy’s “New Frontier” agenda change America in the 1960s? • Warm-Up Question: • What does it take to be a “great” president?

11. America by 1960 Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957 The rise of Fidel Castro in Cuba in 1959 • By 1960, Americans were anxious about the changes that had taken place in the 1950s: • The economic boom of the 1950s dipped into a recession • Rock‘n’rollmusicscaredparents • Civil rights protests increased fears of racial violence • Eisenhower’s foreign policies made many people wonder if America was losing the Cold War Communism in Vietnam Use of brinksmanship & build up of ICBMs led to fears of a nuclear attack The U-2 incident

12. The Election of 1960 • The election of 1960 marked a turning point in U.S. politics Democrat John F. Kennedy offered youth & hope • Served 2 Senate terms • Had no foreign policy experience; Seen as inexperienced; Catholic • But, offered active leadership to address America’s problems Republican Richard Nixon offered experience • Served 8 years as VP • Had foreign policy experience during the critical stages of the Cold War • Promised to keep gov’t spending & taxes low JFK campaign commercial (1.00)

13. The Election of 1960 “That night image replaced the printed word as the natural language of politics” —Journalist Russell Baker • The election of 1960 marked a turning point in U.S. politics 1960 was the 1st time presidential debates were on TV • TV debates helped JFK win the election • 1960 marked the beginning of TV dominance in politics

14. Analysis of JFK’s Inaugural Address, 1961 • Listen to the audio excerpt from JFK’s inaugural address to the nation in 1961 & answer the following questions: • Based on JFK’s speech, identify at least 3 goals he has as president ?

15. The New Frontier JFK’s family captivated the nation First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy created new standards of American fashion for women The nation adored their two young children • President Kennedy represented youth, charisma, hope, & a new approach to government

16. JFK’s “New Frontier” • President Kennedy’s vision for America was called the “New Frontier” • Hefilledouthiscabinet&WhiteHouse staff with the “best & the brightest” political minds in America

17. JFK’s “New Frontier” • At home, President Kennedy wanted to improve the lives of all Americans: • After the violence in Birmingham in 1963, JFK committed to create the Civil Rights Act • He wanted to wage a “war on poverty” to help close the gap between the rich & the poor

18. JFK’s “New Frontier” • In the Cold War, JFK took a strong stand against the Soviet Union: • He believed that the USSR had more ICBMs (“missile gap”) & better space technology • He wanted a “flexible response” to fight the Cold War: more ICBMs but also a bigger military • Hewanteda“firststrikecapability” against the USSR, (rather than “mutually assured destruction”)

19. The actual missile gap

20. The Berlin Crisis, 1961 • In JFK’s first year in office, Soviet leader Khrushchev threatened to cut off access to West Berlin • JFK vowed to never give up access to West Berlin • Rather than blockade the city, Communist leaders built the Berlin Wall in 1961 to keep EastGermansoutofWest Berlin

21. Walls and other barriers 10–15 feet high surrounded West Berlin. The length of the barriers around the city totaled about 110 miles “Ich bin ein Berliner” —JFK, 1963 The “death strip” stretched like a barren moat around West Berlin, with patrols, floodlights, electric fences, and vehicle traps between the inner and outer walls

22. The Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961 • In 1959, Fidel Castro gained control of Cuba, seized property, & took aid from Khrushchev in the Soviet Union

23. JFK went on TV & took responsibility for the failure at the Bay of Pigs Cuba: The Bay of Pigs Invasion • In 1959, Fidel Castro gained control of Cuba, seized property, & took aid from Khrushchev in the Soviet Union • Under Eisenhower, the CIA trained Cuban exiles to invade the island & overthrow of Castro • In 1961, JFK authorized the plan, but the Bay of Pigs invasion failed afterJFKcalledoffairstrikesonCuba

24. The Cuban Missile Crisis • After the failure at the Bay of Pigs, SovietleaderKhrushchevpromised to defend Cuba from the USA • In 1962, U.S. spy planes revealed nuclear missile camps in Cuba • If assembled, Soviet ICBMs in Cuba would give the USSR first strike capability on U.S. targets • JFK warned that he would not allow nuclear missiles in Cuba

25. The Cuban Missile Crisis The potential threat: Cuba with Soviet-provided military equipment & nuclear missiles Not all missiles in Cuba were operational, but Khrushchev shipped more missiles to Cuba

26. Quick Class Discussion: How should President Kennedy respond? • Advisors presented JFK with several options • What are the positives/negatives of each? • What should JFK do? Rank order these options Immediate air strike on existing missile sites Full military invasion of Cuba; Take out Castro Diplomacy: trade ICBMs in Cuba for ours in Turkey? Naval blockade to keep out the in-route Soviet missiles

27. Kennedy announced a quarantine (blockade) to keep more missiles out & demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles already in Cuba Soviet ships, escorted by nuclear-equipped submarines, soon approached the quarantine line & the world waited for World War III

28. Cuban Missile Crisis • The standoff ended when a deal was reached: • Soviet ships turned around at the last minute & Khrushchev removed its missiles from Cuba • JFK promised that the U.S. would notinvadeCuba&secretlyagreedto remove ICBMs from Turkey • The crisis ended as a victory for JFK, but it revealed how close the two sides came to nuclear war

29. JFK & the Cold War • President Kennedy fought the Cold War in other ways: • JFK created the Peace Corps in 1961 to send humanitarian aid & improve U.S. relations with under-developed nations • In 1962, JFK committed the U.S. to catch the USSR in the space race by landing a man on the moon by the end of the decade • U.S. landed on the moon in 1969

31. Essential Question: • How did the assassination of President John F. Kennedy impact the United States? • Warm-Up Question: • How effectively did Kennedy handle the Cold War during his presidency?

32. On Nov 22, 1963 John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas

33. The Assassination of JFK • On Nov 22, 1963 John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas • Chronology of events: • Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested • VP Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president on Air Force One • Two days later, Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby • After a 10 month investigation, the Warren Report stated that Oswald was a “lone gunman”

34. Lincoln Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846 & as President in 1860 He was directly concerned with Civil Rights Lincoln was shot in the head in front of his wife on a Friday Lincoln shot in the Ford Theatre The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, was known by three names of 15 letters Booth shot Lincoln in a theater and fled to a warehouse (barn) Booth was killed before being brought to trial There were theories that Booth was part of a greater conspiracy Lincoln's successor was Andrew Johnson, born in 1808 Kennedy Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946 & as President in 1960 He was directly concerned with Civil Rights Kennedy was shot in the head in front of his wife on a Friday Kennedy shot in a Lincoln (Ford) The assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, was known by three names of 15 letters Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse and fled to a theater Oswald was killed before being brought to trial There were theories that Oswald was part of a greater conspiracy Kennedy's successor was Lyndon Johnson, born in 1908

35. JFK Conspiracy Theories For more information on JFK conspiracy theories, check out this link

36. The Impact of the Assassination

37. The Impact of the Assassination • JFK’s assassination had important consequences for America: • The “martyrdom” of JFK put pressure on Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 • VP Lyndon Johnson carried out JFK’s “war on poverty” • LBJ enacted his own program called the “Great Society” with civil rights, medical insurance, environmental, & social programs

38. The Legacy of JFK • What was the legacy of JFK? Did Kennedy accomplishhisgoals?Howeffectivewashe as president? • In groups, answer these questions by completing the chart in your notes • Brainstorm the goals of JFK & identify if or how he accomplished the goal • Next,giveJFKa“grade”foreachofthese goals & an overall “grade” as president

40. Essential Question: • What was the impact of President Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society” program? • Warm-Up Question: • If JFK did not live long enough to see most of his domestic programs created, what was his contribution as a president?

41. President Lyndon Johnson • In 1963, LBJ finished the last year of JFK’s presidency & then ran for president in the 1964 election: • His opponent was conservative Republican Barry Goldwater who talked about strongly resisting the USSR with nuclear weapons • Johnson won & began his “Great Society,” the broadest series of social reforms since FDR’s New Deal

42. Lyndon Johnson & the Great Society • What were the significant programs of President Johnson’s “Great Society”? • In groups, examine each of the placards & take notes in the graphic organizer • After you have seen all 9 stations, rank order the programs in terms of most significant (#1) to least significant (#9)