Nationalism Around the World

1. Nationalism Around the World (1919-1939) Chapter 18

2. Key Events • The Balfour Declaration issued by the British foreign secretary in 1917 turned Palestine, a country with an 80 percent Muslim population, into a homeland for the Jews • Chiang Kai-Shek positioned his Nationalist forces against Mao Zedong’s Communists • Key oil fields were discovered in the Persian Gulf area in 1938

3. Impact on Today’s World • The conflict over Palestine continues to bring violence and unrest to the region • Today China remains a communist state, and Mao Zedong is remembered as one of the country’s most influential leaders (although in the West he is generally considered a tyrant) • The Western world is still very dependent on oil from the Middle East

4. Ch. 18 Summary

5. Fall of the Ottoman Empire • Ottoman empire became known as “the sick man of Europe” • WWI further led to its decline and eventual collapse • Mustafa Kemal, later to be known as Kemal Ataturk, leads in the creation of a new Turkish republic. He took steps to secularize and Westernize Turkey, and created a democracy, although he basically ruled with an iron fist.

7. Pre-WWII • Ottoman Empire collapsed after WWI and new republic, Turkey, formed in 1923 • Arabs, united by language & religion, had no homeland after Europeans established mandates in Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, & Syria • Great Britain issued Balfour Declaration(1917), supported idea of national home for Jews in Palestine, even though it was 98% Muslim

8. Pre-WWII • During 1930’s, Japan abandoned Western ideals in favor of militant extremism – advocated traditional values & expanding power • In China, Nationalists, led by Chiang Kai-shek, battled Communists, led by Mao Zedong, for power

9. African Nationalism • Post WWI=Germany stripped of African colonies but they are given to Britain and France (mandates) • Western ideals of freedom and nationalism inspire many Africans to call for reform • W.E.B. Dubois and Marcus Garvey =influential African American leaders

10. Dubois and Garvey

11. Militarism in Japan • First two decades of 20th century= Japan develops using Western model • Rapidly increasing population and lack of raw materials leads Japan to seize territories (Manchuria) • Guided by anti-Western feeling, military leaders begin to dominate government. Western ideas purged.

12. Asian Communism • Lenin establishes Comintern to advance Communism for world revolution • End of 1920s= most Asian countries have a Communist party • Ho Chi Minh organizes Vietnamese communists • Strongest Communist alliance= China

13. Revolution and Chaos in China • Sun Yat-Sen welcomes alliance between Nationalists and Communists • After Sun’s death(1925), Chiang Kai-Shek takes over Nationalists • April 1927- Chiang strikes against Communists in Shanghai(Shanghai Massacre), killing thousands.

14. Revolution and Chaos in China • Chiang founds Chinese republic in Nanjing. Mao Zedong leads Communists in Jiangxi Province. • Mao uses guerilla warfare to hold the Nationalists at bay

15. Mao’s Four Slogans “When the enemy advances, we retreat! “When the enemy halts and camps, we trouble them!” “When the enemy tries to avoid battle, we attack!” “When the enemy retreats, we pursue!”

16. Revolution and Chaos in China • Surrounded by Nationalist forces, Mao escapes and leads his troops on the famous Long March. 90,000 troops leave. 9,000 troops survive. (p. 577 quote)

17. Revolution and Chaos in China • Chiang set about attempting to modernize China. His government made many improvements, but failed at others. It was also repressive, and alienated intellectuals and political moderates.

18. Nationalism in Latin America • Great Depression led to instability in Latin America. Authoritarian governments increase. • Roosevelt announces Good Neighbor Policy rejecting the use of military force in Latin America. All US troops removed from Latin America.