Rome

1. Rome

2. The Geography of Rome

3. Geography • Livy “Early History of Rome” • “Not without reason did gods and men choose this spot for the site of our city- the hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, our situation in the very heart of Italy- all of these advantages make it of all places in the world the best for a city destined to grow great.” Why was Rome’s geography so important?

4. The History of Ancient Italy

5. First Settlers • Latins (9th-8th Century B.C.E.) • 1st around Rome • Palatine Hill • Greeks (750-600 B.C.E.) • Colonize southern Italy and Sicily • Greek cultural influence • Etruscans • Native to central and northern Italy • Current day Tuscany • Influence? Article?

6. Greek Influences Roots of Roman Values Etruscans Influences

7. Influence of the Etruscans • Writing • Religion • The Arch

8. The Mythical Founding of Rome:Romulus & Remus

9. Italy in 750 BCE

10. The Roman Republic: 509 BCE - 27 BCE

11. Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

12. The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE • Providing political and socialrights for the plebeians.

13. Punic Wars • Start of Imperial Expansion • First Punic War (264-241 B.C.E) • Started over who controlled Sicily • Ended 20 years later with surrender of important colonies of Sicily and Sardinia to Rome • During truce Carthage built up its forces and invaded Italy • Second Punic War (218-202 B.C.E) • Carthaginian forces led by Hannibal • 15 years of destroying Italy • Rome wins • Carthage gives up holdings in Africa and Spain • Determined Roman control and civilization would take over Mediterranean world

14. Hannibal • Carthage (Northern Africa) • First settled by Phoenicians • Will fall to Rome • Raised by his father to hate Rome • Takes over military • Tightened Carthage’s control of Spain • Attacks Saguntum in Spain

15. Carthaginian Empire

16. Hannibal’s Route

17. Territorial Problems facing the Roman Republic • Results of the Punic Wars • Territory too big for the Republic to control

18. Economic Problems • Increasing gap between the rich and the poor • Rich landowners vs. slaves (1/3 population) • Small farmers (proletariat) • Can’t compete = Sell farms • Result: homeless, jobless • Urban poor grows (1/4 of population)

19. Deaths lead to Civil War • Power-hungry generals • Soldiers for hire vs. citizens • “Rape of the Sabine Women” • Page 122

20. The Roman Forum

21. Rome’s Early Road System

22. Roman Roads: The Appian Way

23. Roman Aqueducts

24. The Roman Colosseum

25. The Colosseum Interior

27. Circus Maximus

28. Reform Leaders • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer • Gaius Marius • recruited an army from the poorand homeless. • professional standing army.

30. The First Triumvirate • Julius Caesar • (general) • Marcus Licinius Crassus (rich man) • Gaius Magnus Pompey (general)

31. The Rise of Julius Caesar (100 – 44 B.C.) • 59 B.C. Caesar elected Consul • 58 – 50 B.C. Julius Caesar conquers Gaul • Pompey and Senate fear Julius Caesar’s popularity & orders Caesar’s army to disband and return home • 49 B.C. Julius Caesar marches on Rome & defeats Pompey’s troops • Returns home in 46 B.C. and named “dictator for life” in 44 B.C.

32. Julius Caesar’s Reforms • Granted Roman citizenship to many provincials • Expanded the Senate • Created jobs for the poor • Constructed public buildings • Started colonies for people without land to own property • Increased pay for soldiers

33. The Fate of Julius Caesar • The powerful feared Caesar’s growing power & popularity • March 15, 44 BCE Caesar assassinated by senators • Only surviving relative was adopted son Octavian Caesar

34. Beware the Ides of March!44 BCE

35. The Second Triumvirate • Octavian Augustus • Marc Antony • Marcus Lepidus

36. Second Triumvirate • Divided empire • Antony (general) - East and Egypt • Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew/ adopted son) - Italy and West • Lepidus (politician) – Africa • Octavian encourages Antony to declare war on him and won at the battle of Actium = Start of Roman Empire!!

37. The Roman Empire: 27 BCE - 476 CE

38. Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Emperor

39. The First Roman Dynasty

40. The Rise of Augustus Caesar (63 B.C. – A.D. 14) • Octavian • Forces Lepidus to retire • Defeated Mark Antony & Cleopatra in Egypt in 31 B.C. • Becomes Augustus “exalted one” • Master of Roman Worlds (Article and Discuss Packet from Class)

41. The Augustan Age • Sheet from book and Discuss

42. Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

43. PaxRomana • Roman Peace • 31 BCE- 180 CE • Greatest Achievement of Augustus • Syria to Spain, Bristol to Belgrade • Unified, peaceful, one ruler, common law • Literature and Arts Flourished • Trade • Sam Laws

44. Roman Culture • Borrowed heavily from Greeks • Had own native culture • Law • Administration • Practical matters: engineering, sanitation, finance, system of justice • Arts • Latin Language • Literature • Architecture

45. The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

46. The Legacy of Rome • Republic Government • Roman Law • Latin Language • Roman Catholic Church • City Planning • Romanesque Architectural Style • Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch