First Aid

1. First Aid • First Aid-”help given first”- medical help given immediately in an emergency • Dispatcher- a person who answers the “911” calls • Emergency Medical Service-A team of people who are trained to respond in emergencies (Advanced Life Support)

2. AED- Automated External Defibrillator • A semiautomatic device that recognizes a heart rhythm that requires a shock and prompts the rescuer to deliver a shock

3. Good Samaritan Law (so people will act) • Law that protects people for acting in an emergency situation if they act as a reasonable and prudent person would under the same conditions. • Two forms of Consent (actual and implied)

4. Move a victim only if the victims life was endangered • Ask a conscious victim for permission before giving care • Check for life threatening injuries before providing further care • Call “911” • Continue to provide care until more highly trained personnel arrive • Do not exceed the scope of individuals training

5. Emergency Action Principles • 3 C’s • C-Check • C-Call • C-Care

6. Checking for Life Threatening Injuries First • A,B, C, S • A=Airway • B=Breathing • C=Circulation • S=Severe Bleeding

7. Checking a Conscious Adult (12 or older) • State your name, experience, ask for permission and ask what happened • Check for life threatening conditions (from head to toe) • Do not ask the victim to move and do not move the victim (do not touch painful areas) • Look for a medical alert tag • Call 911 or have someone call!!

8. Checking an Unconscious Adult (12 or older) • Step 1: Check the Scene • Step 2: Tap and shout If No Response….. • Step 3: Call 911 get an AED IF in prone position, position the victim on back, while supporting head and neck

9. Step 4: Open airway…head tilt chin lift Check for signs of life (movement and breathing) for no more than 10 seconds • Step 5: No breathing; give 2 breaths (check for bleeding and get in CPR position) • Step 6: If breathing, place in recovery position

10. How to give a Rescue Breath • Step 1: head tilt, chin lift (open airway) and pinch nose • Step 2: Take a breath with a complete seal • Step 3: watch the chest rise (each breath 1 second) • Step 4: Check for signs of life (look, listen, feel for breath)

11. Breathing Terms • Respiratory Emergency- a situation in which breathing either stops or there is a lack of normal breathing • Artificial Respiration – a technique (manual or mechanical) that puts air into the victim • Respiratory Arrest – when breathing completely stops • Gastric Distention – putting air in stomach - can be minimized by properly opening the airway and limiting ventilation volume

12. Conscious Choking Adult • Partial Airway Obstruction- If the victim can make noise (talk or cough) • Tell them to cough forcefully

13. Complete Airway Obstruction No Sound, no air movement (can’t talk or cough) • Give 5 back blows followed by 5 abdominal thrusts or chest thrusts if pregnant • Continue alternating until choking/ breathing starts or victim becomes unconscious • If victim becomes unconscious, carefully lower them to the ground, supporting their head and neck, and begin CPR • On Self • Abdominal Thrust or object

14. Signals of a Heart Attack and the Cardiac Chain of Survival • Cardiac Arrest – when the heart stops beating; the person will not be breathing, will not be conscious and will have no pulse Heart Attack Signals of the heart attack- • Persistent chest pain or discomfort • Breathing difficulty • Changes in pulse rate • Skin Appearance • Pale or bluish • sweating

15. Care for a Heart Attack • Recognize the signals • Call “911”/ get AED • Comfort the victim • Convince them to stop activity and rest • Monitor vital signs • Try to obtain information on the victims condition • Be prepared to give CPR if the victim’s heart stops beating

16. Cardiac Chain of Survival • Early Recognition • Early CPR • Early Defibrillation • Early Advanced Medical Care

17. CPR – Adult CPR – is a combination of chest compressions and rescue breathing CPR *Place yourself midway between the head and chest (kneeling) *Hand positioning: Find the center of the sternum. Place the heel of one hand on the center of the sternum. Place the other hand on top of it *Each compression should push the chest down about 1 ½ to 2 inches.

18. CPR Steps • Find hand positioning (fingers off chest) • Position shoulders over hands • Compress the chest 30 times (20 sec) (rate of 100 per min) counting one and two and three and… Then give 2 slow breaths (5 sec)

19. Once you begin CPR, you continue until you see obvious signs of life, you are relieved by advanced personnel, or you collapse due to exhaustion • Continue sets of 30 compressions and 2 breaths **The brain and heart will start to die within the first 4 to 6 minutes after both breathing and circulation have stopped**

20. Clinical Death – up to 10 mins Biological Death – after 10 consecutive mins *Revivable, but not survivable

21. Unconscious Choking - Adult • If breaths do not go in…tilt further and give 2 breaths again • If breaths still do not go in…give 30 compressions • Look in the mouth…if you see an object remove it • Give 2 breaths • Continue to repeat

22. Using an AED - Adult • Step 1: open AED and turn on • Step 2: position shock pads • Step 3: follow AED directions • 1 shock, then 5 cycles of CPR (2 minutes), check signs (breathing and circulation), repeat cycle except if: • AED is not updated with 1 shock directions • In this case, follow AED instructions

23. Special Situations • Moving a Victim – danger, give care, to get to another victim • Cloths Drag -Neck/Back • Walking assist • 2 person seat carry • Foot drag

24. Breathing for a neck fracture • Do not use head tilt chin lift • If alone -call • Universal Precautions

25. Bleeding ***Use Non-Latex Gloves Types of Wounds-refer to p. 740-747 • Arterial – bright red (oxygenated) • Spurting • Venous – darker blood **Approximately 2 pints per 25 pounds**

26. Controlling Bleeding • Cover with a dressing and apply direct pressure • Cover dressing with non-stick roller bandage (apply direct pressure on bandage) If bleeding does not stop… • Apply a Roller Bandage and more direct pressure on top of it

27. Signals of Traumatic Shock When the circulatory system causes the body to reduce blood flow to the body’s tissues. • Restlessness or irritability • Altered consciousness • Pale, cool, moist skin • Looks Disoriented • Rapid Breathing • Rapid Pulse • Dilated Pupils

28. Caring for Shock: • Lie down and rest • Control external bleeding • Maintain Normal Body Temperature • Elevate legs *if injuries allow • No food or drink • Call 911

29. Fracture – a break, chip, or crack in a bone Types: a. open (compound) b. closed (simple) Dislocation – the movement of a bone out of its position in the joint.

30. Ligaments – strong, tough, soft tissue bands that attach bone to bone Sprain – tearing of ligaments at a joint Tendons – strong fibers that attach muscle to bone Strain – a stretching or tearing of muscles or tendons

31. Care for Muscle, Bone, and Joint Injuries R – Rest I – Immobilize C – Cold – Apply ice for 72 hours ***20 on 20 off E – Elevate

32. Splints • Splinting for fractured bones • Splint the body part as you find it • Secure it to the body if possible • Check for feeling, color, and warmth after splinting an injury • Types of Splints • Rigid • Soft • Anatomical • Sling