Focus:

1. Focus: Please pick up the Vocabulary sheet in the front of the room: Complete only the column “Context Clues” using only the example sentence.

2. Courage • The ability to do that which you fear • Bravery, Valor, audacity Courage – With great courage Columbus accidentally discovered the new world

3. Ignorance • Lack of Knowledge • Unaware, inexperienced Ignorance – It was because of ignorance, not stupidity, that Columbus’s men subjugated the native Arawak people.

4. Subjugated • Bring under domination or control through conquest • Conquer, Subdue Subjugate – Once subjugated the Awarwak people were forced to search and produce gold for Columbus.

5. Genocide Genocide – Due to Columbus’ ignorance, he committed mass genocide against the Arawak tribe nearly eliminating the tribe from existence • The deliberate killing of a group of people based only on their nation, race, gender, or religion • Massacre, Mass Murder

6. Conquest • The subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people through military force • Overthrow, Subjugation, Mastery… Conquest- The Spanish conquest of the New world was a direct result of Columbus’ mistake.

7. Bias • The prejudice for or against one thing, person, or group, compared with another, usually in a way considered unfair • Prejudice, partiality, favoritism Bias – Historians display bias by making anecdotes of major events in history

8. Anecdote Anecdote – In Morrison’s book “Christopher Columbus, Mariner” Morrison tells an Anecdote of the Arawak genocide, revealing his bias. • A short or amusing story about a real incident or person • Urban Myth, Legend, incident, narrative…etc.

9. Anonymous • A person not identified by name • Incognito, nameless Anonymous – Because the author remained anonymous, we could not discover biases in their writing.

10. Benevolent • Well meaning and kindly • Kind, compassionate Benevolent – Columbus was far from being a benevolent dictator in Haiti

11. Collaborate Collaborate – Co-workers who are benevolent are much more likely to collaborate on projects than those who are apprehensive. • Working together to produce or create something • Alliance, Team Work

12. Knowledge • The acquisition of facts, skills, and information through experience or education • Capability, expertise Knowledge – You must seek knowledge like you will live forever.

13. Understand Understand – While I may know what the question is asking I may not understand how to answer the question • To grasp the meaning of something • Comprehend, grasp

14. Application Apply – While I may have incredible knowledge without the ability to apply that knowledge I lack wisdom • Putting something into use or action • Implement, utilization

15. Analyze Analyze – mechanics have to analyze the engine in a car in order to figure out the solution to the car’s troubles. • To break apart for better understanding • Dissect, characterize

16. Evaluate Evaluate – You must evaluate where you are in life constantly in order to reassess if you need to change your course. • To make a judgment about something • Assess, appraise

17. Objectives: • What was the original American dream? • Was the motivation for exploration?

18. Indirect Causes of European Explorations

19. Motives for European Exploration Crusades = by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance = curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation = refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.

20. William Shakespeare Leonardo da Vinci A time of rebirth in Western Civilization “intellectual enlightenment” Martin Luther Henry VIII Johann Gutenberg Galileo Galilei Christopher Columbus

21. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

22. New Weapons Technology

23. Direct Causes = 3 G’s • Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY) • Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD) • Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD) The 3 motives reinforce each other

24. NEW WORLD OLD WORLD

25. European explore EUROPEAN EXPLORATION 1400 TO 1600 • EFFECTS • Europeans reach and settle Americas • Expanded knowledge of world geography • Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism • Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations • Introduction of the institution of slavery • Columbian Exchange

26. Columbian Exchangeor the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa * Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes* Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine* Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO* Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis * Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice* Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley* Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats* Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE* Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox* Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria* Diptheria * Whooping Cough

27. European Colonization European Colonization • When the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four European countries start to compete for control of North America and the world: Spain Dutch France Portugal

28. Quick Write and Reflect • On a separate sheet of paper please answer the following: • What is your American Dream?How is your dream similar to that of the early explorers who came to the new world?