WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 20 MASS SOCIETY AND DEMOCRACY

1. WORLD HISTORYCHAPTER 20MASS SOCIETY AND DEMOCRACY

2. Section 1 – The Growth of Industrial Prosperity • New Products • Steel  took the place of iron...helped make machines lighter, smaller, & faster • Steel Production (GB, France, Germany, & Belgium) • 1860 – 125,000 tons • 1913 – 32,000,000 tons

3. Section 1 – The Growth of Industrial Prosperity • New Products • Electricity  used for heat, light, & motion • Thomas Edison – developed first American light bulb • Alexander Graham Bell – telephone • Guglielmo Marconi – radio • Wright Brothers - airplane

4. Section 1 – The Growth of Industrial Prosperity • New Patterns • Wages increased & product costs went down • Assembly line  new manufacturing method developed by Henry Ford...allowed Ford to mass produce his Model T automobile • Europe divided into two economic zones...Western Europe becomes industrialized & wealthy...Eastern Europe remained agricultural & poor

5. Section 1 – The Growth of Industrial Prosperity • The Communist Manifesto • Written in 1848 by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels • Said society was split into two groups • Bourgeoisie – middle class...the oppressors • Proletariat – working class...the oppressed • Marx believed the struggle b/w these two groups would lead to a revolution • Believed the proletariat would violently overthrow the bourgeoisie, set up a dictatorship, and create a classless society • Political parties based on the ideals of Marx began to grow throughout Europe

6. Section 2 – The Emergence of Mass Society • New Urban Environment • Many people moved from the countryside to cities to find work in factories • Population of London • 1800 – 960,000 • 1900 – 6,500,000 • Improvements in public health & sanitation helped living conditions in cities • Running water • Sewage systems • Dams & reservoirs for water • Gas & electric heaters

7. Section 2 – The Emergence of Mass Society • The Marriage Ideal • Men were viewed as tough, source of income, the “boss” of the relationship • Women were viewed as innocent, homemaker, needed to obey her husband • Family sizes (# of children) began to decrease b/c of better economic situation and increased use of birth control

8. Section 2 – The Emergence of Mass Society • The Family Ideal • See the growth of more “family” celebrations  Fourth of July and “modern version” of Christmas • Most children were working by age 9-10 • Families began to be able to afford more comforts such as sewing machines & cast-iron stoves

9. Section 2 – The Emergence of Mass Society • Women’s Rights • Feminism began • Women fought for legal rights, education rights, voting rights, etc. • Many nations didn’t grant these rights until after WWI

10. Section 2 – The Emergence of Mass Society • Education • Access to education began to filter down from the upper class • Children b/w 6-12 were required to attend school • Nations began to set up schools & universities to help educate people • More education increased literacy rates in industrialized nations • Higher literacy rates helped the growth of newspapers

11. Section 2 – The Emergence of Mass Society • Leisure • All forms of leisure and entertainment began to grow (amusement parks, dance halls, sports) • Changes in leisure during this time: • 1) Leisure came to be viewed as something fun done after work • 2) Leisure became more passive (sit on a ferris wheel, watch a ballgame) • 3) Leisure became something people paid for (amusement park, sporting event)

12. Otto von Bismarck Section 3 – The National State & Democracy • Triple Alliance • Formed b/w Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy • Germany sought allies b/c it feared France (thought they were trying to create an anti-German alliance) • Germany maintained a separate treaty w/ Russia & tried to remain on good terms w/ Great Britain • 1890 – Otto von Bismarck was removed from power in Germany...Germany dropped treaty w/ Russia

13. Section 3 – The National State & Democracy • Triple Entente • Formed b/w Russia, Great Britain, & France • Germany became flanked • Led to uneasy situation in Europe for decades (up until WWI)

14. Section 3 – The National State & Democracy • Crises in the Balkans • Austria-Hungary & Russia both tried to gain influence over the Balkan countries • Bosnia & Herzegovina were annexed by Austria-Hungary • Serbia was outraged...Serbia had wanted to join up w/ Bosnia & Herzegovina to form a large Slavic-speaking kingdom • Russia supported Serbia...Serbia prepared for war w/ Austria-Hungary • Germany told Russia to back down or face war • Russia (weak military at the time) backed down but vowed revenge

15. Section 4 – Toward the Modern Consciousness • Art • Monet – impressionist painter – Impression Sunrise • Van Gogh – postimpressionist painter – The Starry Night • Picasso – cubist painter – Three Musicians

16. Section 4 – Toward the Modern Consciousness • Architecture • Frank Lloyd Wright – American architect – Falling Water

17. Section 4 – Toward the Modern Consciousness • Science • Marie Curie – discovered radiation • Albert Einstein – theory of relativity • Sigmund Freud – wrote “The Interpretation of Dreams”...developed psychoanalysis – delving deep into someone’s memory

18. Section 4 – Toward the Modern Consciousness • Extreme Nationalism • Social Darwinism – idea that natural selection could be applied to society...stronger cultures/races would prosper while weaker ones would decline • Anti-Semitism – “anti-Jew”...massacres of Jews were not uncommon across Europe • Zionism – movement for a Jewish homeland in Palestine...Palestine was the land of ancient Israel...Palestine was opposed to Jewish immigration