urinary system

1. physiology urinarysystem Prepared By: Ali Ashour إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

2. Urinary system is one of the excretory systems of the body, and plays a major role in the elimination of metabolic waste products and toxic substances and regulating the rates of elimination of water and electrolytes from the body. urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

3. The urinary system consists of; The kidneys which filter blood and secrete urine. The uriterswhich transport urine the bladder The urinary bladder where urine collects and temporarily stored. The urethra through which the urine is discharged to the exterior. urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

4. Kidneys; The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs situated behind the peritoneum on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, on either side of the vertebral column. The kidneys extend from approximately the 12ththoracic vertebra to the third lumber vertebra. The right kidney is situated a little lower than the left, due to the heavy liver on it. urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

5. Kidney anatomy; Kidney weights between 120-170g, is from 10-13cm in length, 5-6cm wide, and 3-4cm thick. About the size of a large bar of soap. urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

9. The Nephrones Each kidney contains at least 1000,000 nephrons, the nephrone is the functional unit of the kidney and has the structure necessary for urine formation. urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

11. A nephrone consists of a number of anatomically distinct regions; Renal corpuscle: where fluid is filtered. Renal tubule: into which the filtered fluid posses. Renal corpuscle: it is formed of ; Bowman's capsule; its contentious with the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule. Its lined by a thin membrane farmed of sequamous epithelium on a fine basement membrane . Glomerulus : it consists of multiple capillary vessel connect with each other by short vessels . these capillary vessels are surrounded by the thin membrane of bowman's capsule . blood enters the glamerulus by afferent arteriole and leave by efferent arteriole . urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

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13. Renal tubule : it is farmed of : • Proximal convoluted tubule: it receives the filtrate from bowman's capsule and then pours it into descending loop of henle . • Loop of henle: it is second part of renal tubule. Formed of two lops, ascending and descending loop of henle. • Distal convoluted tubule: it is the last part of renal tubule. It receives the tubular fluid from ascending loop of henle. • The collecting tubules: each of which receives urine from many nephrons, run downward through the medullary pyramids, giving them their striped appearance. They deliver the final urine product into the calyces and renal pelvis. urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

14. Urine formation; Formation of urine by the nephrone result from three physiological activities that occur in different regions of the nephrone; Filtration Re-absorption Secretion urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

15. Collection of urine specimen; Urine should be collected in a clean container and stored in a cool place until tested. The best time for collecting a urine sample is three hours after a meal. Appearance of test specimen; The visual appearance of urine sample is the first important thing to consider. urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

16. Color; Normally, urine is some shade of yellow because of the presence of urochrome pigment, that is the end product of hemoglobin breakdown. The color varies according to; for example. Metabolic products; food, drugs, and pigments. Chronic kidney disease; in diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, very pale yellow or greenish yellow. Bile pigment; green or blue green. Liver disease; black, grey, or brown; the color due to bilirubin. urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

17. Odor; • Normally urine is aromatic due to volatile acids and some metabolites give certain specific odor. Fruity odors due to acetone in diabetes mellitus. Or by bacterial decomposition, which produce an ammonical odors. • An offensive odor may be the results of bacterial action in the presence of pus. urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

18. Transparency and turbidity; Fresh urine is clear. Causes of turbidity; temperature and pH, amorphous phosphate and carbonates, urate, oxalate, pus, bacteria and fat. urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

19. Test strip method for urine analysis; • shake the sample of urine and dip the test portion of an strip into the urine. • Touch the tip of the strip against the edge of the urine container to remove excess urine. • Immediately compare the test area with the color chart on the bottle. • Record your results. urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

22. Microscopic examination of urine (urinary deposits). Urinary sediment provides useful information both for prognosis and diagnosis. Usually urine contains microscopic elements such as cells, crystals, and casts. These elements can be collected by centrifugation and a drop of the deposit is examined microscopically. urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

23. Procedure; • a fresh, midstream urine sample should be collected in the laboratory in the clean labeled container. • Pour 10ml of well-mixed urine into a labeled conical centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes. • Pour off the supernatant urine without shaking. • Suspend the sediment by shaking the tube. • Place one drop on a clean slide and cover it with a cover slip. • Examine under the microscope, using the X10 then X40 objective. And look for cells, crystals, casts, larva. Ova …etc. • Record the result and mention the quantity of each element seen under the microscope. urinarysystem إعداد: عــلي عــاشور

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