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PA 395-Energy Policy Gary Flomenhoft. GOVERNANCE. Environmental Movement 1960-1980. “Pluralism in Policy-Making” Bottom-up not top-down Deep seated changes in the use of nature Breadth of constituency Methods: lobbying, litigation, media, electoral politics, civil disobedience
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PA 395-Energy Policy Gary Flomenhoft GOVERNANCE
Environmental Movement 1960-1980 “Pluralism in Policy-Making” Bottom-up not top-down Deep seated changes in the use of nature Breadth of constituency Methods: lobbying, litigation, media, electoral politics, civil disobedience Issue networks, policy communities
Speth’s 8-fold path Stable or smaller world population Free of mass poverty Environmentally benign technologies Environmentally honest prices Sustainable consumption Knowledge and Learning Governance Public attitudes and motivation
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5 UNEP, ECOSOC comm on Sust. Dev, convention bodies are among the weakest Montreal protocol Targets without ratification on 2/3 vote FDA, FTC regulatory agencies with broad powers Command and control FTC, FDA regulatory agency with broad powers International treaties consensus
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5 Necessary conditions of governance Peace and stability Favorable economy, absence of crisis Open democratic society, independant, effective media High level and active NGOs Presence of rule of law and culture of compliance wiht intl law Human and institutional capacities in government to participate meaningfully
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5 Political fault lines Environment vs. Economy North vs. South United States vs. the World 2002-Rio Two in Jo-berg 25 right-wing think-tanks: “The least important global environmental issue is potential global warming, and we hope that your negotiators at Jo-Berg can keep it off the table and out of the spotlight.”
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5 Conservation threatens: Pro-market anti-government ideology Major governmental response needed Interference with the market Rethinking utopian materialism pushing unlimited economic expansion Denial: Lomborg, Simon, etc.
Origins of the environmental crisis? Adam Smith
Rivalness and Excludability • Non-rival • My use does not leave less for you to use • Market sells for a price, discouraging use, but social cost of use = 0, therefore market should not supply • Non-excludable • One person can’t keep another from using the good • Consumer will not pay, market will not supply Must have a price to work in the free market!
Non-Excludable Excludable Open Access Regime: (misnamed: Tragedy of the commons) Oceanic fisheries, timberetc. from unprotected forests, waste absorption capacity, roads (congestible) Market Good: land, timber, fish once captured, farmed fish, Rival} Potential market good (Tragedy of the “non-commons”)but inefficient: patented information, Pond Pure Public Good:climate stability, ozone layer, clean air/water/land, Biodiversity, information, habitat, life support functions, etc. Non-rival}
“Golden Rule of Publicly held companies: “Maximization of Shareholder Value” Rational behavior: Externalize costs Influence politics to Seek subsidies and favors
Cost of regulations-OMB report Annual Cost: $37-43 billion EPA conservative approach, Consistently overestimates costs, not considering least cost approach and technical innovation Annual Benefits: $121-193 EPA consistently underestimates benefits USING ACTUAL NOT THEORETICAL CASES BENEFITS OUTWEIGH COSTS 5:1
Full World or Empty World? Source: Ecological Economics Principles & Applications, Farley and Daly
ESA Listings and GDP $10 $9 $8 $7 $6 $5 $4 $3 R2 = 98.4 1973 1980 1990 2001 Source: The Wildlife Society Technical Review 2003-1.
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5 • Why has international legislation worked at all? • Government Leadership • NGO pressure • International “bridging” institutions: • Environmental groups and civil society • Multi-natl corps.?? • International science • UN • Multilateral development banks • Other multi-lateral institutions
Good Governance. Ch9 World Business Council for Sustainable Dev. FROG-first raise our growth GEOpolity-intl env law JAZZ-unscripted, volulntary initiatives, decentralized andd improvisational Good conduct enforced by public opinion and consumer decisions. Business sees advantage in doing right thing
Good Governance. Ch9 GEOpolity-intl env law-External Transition to capable, accountable, and democratic governments Development in poorer regions Compacts between North and South
Good Governance. Ch9 GEOpolity-intl env law-Internal International principles (Rio Principles) Fundamental human rights Common concern Common but differentiated responsibilities Duty not to cause environmental harm Integration Polluter pays Precautionary principle Public participation Right to development
Good Governance. Ch9 • GEOpolity-intl env law-Internal • Decision-making process improvements: • Binding regulatory power • Compel action through intl court • WEO • International body for environmental ministers • Promote Intl Law • Watchdog, ombudsman, catalyst • Global monitoring • Develop consensus on goals, mobilize finanacing, and launch campaigns • Assess and report on natl& intl progress • Coordinate& sponsor science
Good Governance. Ch9 GEOpolity-intl env law-Internal Norms for globalization Public access
Good Governance. Ch9 • GEOpolity-intl env law-Internal • Montreal protocol won because (Grundmann): • Defined the problem on their own terms • Enforced the preautionary principle • Focussing event • Better network and hustle than opposition • NRDC expoited Hodel’s comment about “more hats” • Policy advisors from: NRDC, WRI, EPA, UNEP
Good Governance. Ch9 GEOpolity-intl env law-Internal Susskind: Formal recognition of NGOs Amnesty Intl for global environment
Good Governance. Ch9 • JAZZ- • Environmental groups • Consumer Groups • NGOs • Business • State & local Govt. • Foundations • Religious groups • investors
Good Governance. Ch9 JAZZ-State & local level Smart growth Sustainable cities Greenplans State climate protection initiatives State regulatory approaches (Renewable portfolio standards) State green purchasing Environmental building codes
Good Governance. Ch9 JAZZ- Product certification US toxics release invenory “Right to know” Third-party auditing Market creation Boycotts/buycotts internet
Good Governance. Ch9 JAZZ- WWF= $340 million NC and CI protection
Good Governance. Ch9 JAZZ- NGOs:30,000 international World Social Forum
Good Governance. Ch9 JAZZ-Business and investors Business GHG initiatives Green power marketing group Lumber stores selling FSA certified wood Unilever-fish certification Social investment Sustainability Reports Business strategic planning Ecolabeling
Good Governance. Ch9 JAZZ-How to encourage: Information-internet access & connectivity Govt disclosures Improve Ecolabeling-life cycle product biographies Corporate compliance with global reporting initiative
Good Governance. Ch9 JAZZ-How to encourage: Governments: Change tax laws to encourage citizen activity in Jazz Public-private partnerships Green Purchasing Media recognition Foundations link isolated actors
Good Governance. Ch9 JAZZ-How to encourage Personal: Drive hybrid vehicles Eat certified seafood Become active in env. Cons. Causes LCV voting guide Escape enthrallment of utopian materialism Consumer demand for green products
Good Governance. Ch9 Fusion of JAZZ an GEOpolity Global issue networks Voluntary partnerships: Public-private and other partnerships for sustainable development Example: HOT SPOTS-CI Think BIG even if you are small: The world might respond! But piecemeal approach won’t work-need to address the global issues
Interest Groups and Social Movements Interest Group: “Organized body of individuals who share some goals and who try to influence public policy.” -Berry “Any group that, on the basis of one or more shared attitudes, makes certain claims upon other groups in society for the establishment, maintenance, or enhancement of other forms of behavior that are implied by the shared attitudes.”-Truman “Advance the the common interests of groups of individuals.”-Olson Organizations which seek incremental changes in laws, regulations, or judicial decision through institutional means. McAdam
Interest Groups and Social Movements Social Movement: tactics, non-incremental “A process in which people seek a better world by means of collective action which, with the proper mix of circumstances, can challenge the existing social order.”-Boggs an attempt to change existing relations of authority between groups of people, or to change the fundamental values on which the social system is based.- Rochon Those organized efforts, on the part of excluded groups, to promote or resist changes in the structure of society that involve recourse to non-institutionalized forms of political participation (c.d. and direct action).”-McAdam
Interest Groups and Social Movements Choice of means: Assess the Structural arrangements of the Political system to determine likelihood of access and policy success. Structural arrangements of political process may determine choice of means.
Theories of Interest Groups: Ingram, Colnic, Mann Rational Actor Thesis: Mancur Olsen. Groups are most likely to form and to maintain themselves in direct proportion to their ability to offer selective benefits to their members. Salisbury: Entrepeneurs concerned with ensuring group maintenance (and their own employment through staff position) rather than impacting policy outcomes. Holistic: Paehlke, Gottlieb, Fitzsimmons. Transformation of fragmented narrow, particularlistic lobbies into a broad-scale social movement that would change the nature of American politics. Pluralist: Fragmented, piecemeal. Group membership motivated by idealogical appeals, concerns over public policy, and successful mobilization. Influencing policy dependent upon effective leadership, the emplyment of appropriate strategies, and forging of coalitions to alter the distribution of power within the political system.
Theories of Environmental Change-Flo Eco-illogical cycle
