Changing access to services

1. Changing access to services There is a clear urban hierarchy; this is simply when places are put in order of importance. You can think of the hierarchy as: Changes to shopping include: Importance Number of settlements City Town Village Hamlet Click on the link to learn how Regional Shopping Centres are changing our shopping. You may need to minimise this PowerPoint to watch it in your browser Village shops sell convenience goods such as bread and milk & so attract customers from a small area. They require few people to keep them in business, so we say that they have a smallthreshold population. Shops in the CBD sell durable goods such as TVs & so attract customers from a large area. They need many people to keep them in business because these items are expensive and are not bought very often. These high order goods have a large threshold population. • CBDs have tried to attract customers back by • building shopping centres; • Pedestrianisation; • Improving the environment

2. Case Study Of: Changing Distribution Of A Service: Shopping Location: Derby • Definitions: • Convenience goods: Everyday items which are inexpensive & bought frequently (low order goods). • Durable Goods: Expensive items which are bought infrequently (high order goods). • Range of good or service: the maximum distance people will travel to obtain the good/service • Threshold Population: The minimum number of people required to support a good or service • . • The Location Needs of A Superstore: • Large site for store and car parking; • Edge of town location as the land is cheaper than in the town centre; • Room for expansion; • Close to major road junction so that customers can access the superstore • Description of The Service & Changes • Retail floorspace is concentrated in the CBD . Here you will find high order durable goods & department stores. • Suburban shopping centres typically have approx 500m2 of retail flooorspace. They are in shopping centres such as Allestree Park Farm Centre. Here convenience stores with a mix of independents & chain stores eg Boots, Wilkinsons • Changes : • 1990s Growth of out of town shopping centres. • There are 7 out of town centres with a mix of superstores and large household stores eg Wyvern Centre has Sainsburys, Homebase; Currys ;Halfords; Toys R Us; MacDonalds. • 2000s: • Planners encourage shopping development in the CBD with the Westfield centre. £340 million development of 106,000m2 of shopping floorspace. Opened October 2007The Westfield development features nearly 150 shops, dozens of eateries and a cinema. • This extended the CBD southwards but: • Led to less customers in the old shopping area of the Cathedral Quarter & the closure of many independent stores. Sketch map of the distribution of superstores in Derby Allestree Spondon Mickleover CBD River Derwent Sinfin

3. Describing Barcelona and the Population Barcelona is a city of over 1.5 million inhabitants, on the Eastern coast of Spain. There are a good range of services, including the world famous attractions of SegradaFamilia Cathedral and Nou Camp Football Stadium. The city grew rapidly in the 1970s and 80s, attracting migrants from all over the world, including Moroccan Africans, Pakistani Asians and Mexicans from North America. The incomers are spread unevenly across the city: El Raval, in CiutatVella, has an immigrant population of 27.6%, compared to the average of 7.2%. House prices correspond to the distribution of immigrants. In Sarria-SantGervasi, most immigrants are from MEDCs, like Italy and France, so it has less than a 2% Pakistani and Moroccan population. Here the house prices are significantly higher than average. Conversely, where over 40% of the Pakistani and Moroccan immigrants live, in CiutatVella, the house prices are below average. Describing the Distribution of Services 10 of the 16 mosques in Barcelona are clustered in the relatively small area of CiutatVella. The other six mosques are distributed rather randomly across Barcelona. One is about 2.5 km to the south west of the city centre. The others are between 2 km and 5 km to the north and north east of the city centre. Other key features regarding the services in CiutatVella are that there is also a high concentration of Asian Video Rental Shops, Internet Cafes and Halal Butchers. Case Study of: The Distribution of Urban ServicesLocation: Mosques in Barcelona, Spain Explaining Distribution of Services Morocco and Pakistan are Islamic countries, so a large proportion of immigrants from these places will be Muslim. These people will want to be near to the Mosques and the Halal Meat stores so they can fully participate in all aspects of their religion, which will improve their quality of life. Newcomers to Barcelona will also want to stay in contact with their friends and families in their previous locations. This makes the internet cafes important to their quality of life, especially as newcomers could be still seeking highly paid employment, so they may not be able to afford their own internet connection or telephone line at home. The 27.6% immigrant population of CiutatVella will appreciate the ‘Internet Cafe’ services so that they can contact their family abroad.

4. Case Study Of: Problems of conflict caused by leisure in rural areasLocation: South Downs National Park • Describe the problems: • Dogs disturb grazing animals; • Illegal use of rights of way by motorbikes and 4x4 vehicles; • Lack of access to the National Park: The following groups are less likely to visit the National Park: young adults, ethnic minorities, people in low-income jobs and those who do not own a car • Poor public transport – although Discover Bus Walks are one attempt to improve access; • Cost is a barrier to school groups; • Physical barriers such as stiles, uneven paths, steep hills etc are a barrier for disabled visitors. • Large scale events such as the Goodwood Festival of Speed – attracts over 150,000 visitors • Description of the conflict • The South Downs National Park has 32 million visitors each year and provides homes for 110,000 people. It is under pressure from tourism and settlements along the south coast which are expanding due to counter urbanisation eg Brighton is expanding northwards. These are creating two problem areas: • Pressure areas : these receive many visitors & things are likely get worse in the future egGoodwood Park. • Vulnerable areas: these are more remote & where the natural habitats are sensitive to increasing visitors • Recreational activity is unevenly distributed across the National Park. Over 90% of recreational visits take place in Sussex, with a significant percentage of these visits concentrated at popular sites such as Devil’s Dyke and Seven Sisters Country Park. • Popular recreation activities include: • Walking: 62% of all visitors; • Cycling, mountain biking and horse riding (over 1,500km of bridleways in the National Park) ; • Motorcycle and 4x4 using green lanes; • Classic car rallies occur throughout the year; • New sports such as mountain boarding and zorbing; • Commercial recreation at sites such as Alice Holt Forest & Queen Elizabeth Country Park attract tourists for cycle hire, laser games & GoApe. • 40 Mass participation events such as walks and cycle rides take place on the South Downs Way from March-October each year. • Explain how the Conflict is managed: • Examples include: • The National Trust manages over 6000 hectares of land in the National Park. 35 wardens and many volunteers are employed to manage the landscape eg returning scrubland to traditional chalk grassland; maintaining landmarks such as the chalk horse at Birling Gap.: • Seven Sisters Country Park: The objectives of the Country Park are: • · Conserving and enhancing the countryside; • · Providing and promoting countryside enjoyment and recreation; • · Enhancing awareness and understanding of, and involvement in, the countryside. • Car parking charges were introduced in • 1999 to raise income & control numbers • And a tourism without cars strategy • has been introduced. Cycling & buses • have been encouraged. • Activity and remote zones have been • created to reduce pressure on sensitive • Habitats.