THE 4 SECTIONS

1. THE 4 SECTIONS • WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM • EXPLAIN HOWTHE PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACTWITH ONE ANOTHER IN AN IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE • BACTERIA AND VIRUSES • EXPLAIN WHAT VACCINES ARE, HOW THEY ARE MADE AND • HOW THEY WORK

2. Bacteria and Viruses

3. Viruses • The biggest viruses are only as big as the tiniest bacteria. • They use the cells as a factory to reproduce. • They are neither dead nor alive. • Once you have the virus you have to fight it or die.

4. The Aids Virus

5. The AIDS Virus • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome • the HIV virus attacks the helper T cells so that the body can’t recognize invaders. • There is no cure yet for this virus • Is fatal

6. The Ebola Virus

7. The Ebola Virus • It’s one of the Most lethal viruses known. • Ebola has a 90% fatality rate. • The virus makes your body bleed non-stop.

8. The HerpesVirus

9. The Herpes Virus • Herpes means “to Creep” in Greek. • HSV-1(a type of Herpes) appears in the mouth at the crisis of simple fevers. • HSV-2(another type of Herpes) appears in the pubic areas. • This virus is contagious.

10. Bacteria

11. BACTERIA • 1. HELICOBACTER PYLORI • THESE SPIRAL BACTERIA CAN SURVIVE THE STRONG ACID ENVIRONMENT OF THE THE STOMACH AND WERE RECENTLY DISCOVERED AS THE AGENT OF STOMACH UCLEARS. • 2.STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES • THESE SPHERICAL BACTERIA ARE COMMON INHABITANTS OF THE THROAT. SOMETIMES THEY CAUSESTREP THROAT OR EVEN MORE SERIOUS DISEASES LIKE NECROTIZING FASCIITIS (FLESH-EATING DISEASE)

12. Parts of the Immune System • Macrophages- A large and versatile immune cell that acts as a microbe, a devouring phagocyte, an antigen presenting cell, and an important source of immune system secretions. • B-cells- Small white blood cells crucial to the immune system defenses. They are also known as B-lymphocytes and they are derived from bone marrow and they develop into plasma cells that are the source of antibodies. • Helper T-cells- They identify the invader and signal the B-cells to make the appropriate antibodies.

13. Parts of the Immune System (cont’d) • Killer T-cells- When turned on or activated, they can target and destroy cancerous cells and cells harboring viruses. • Suppresser T-cells- A subset of cells that turn off antibody production and other immune responses. • Thymus Gland- A primary lymphoid organ, high in the chest, where T-cells learn their jobs. • Lymphnodes- Small bean-shaped organs distributed widely throughout the body and linked by lymphatic vessels. This is where B-cells make antibodies.

14. Parts of the Immune System (cont’d) • Antibodies- A soluble protein molecule produced and secreted by B-cells in response to an antigen, which is capable of binding to that specific antigen. • Antigens- Any substance that, when introduced into the body, is recognized by the immune system (the markers on the invaders). • Memory T-cells- These cells “remember” the antigen and initiate a quick response if the antigen is detected again (secondary response).

15. EXPLAIN HOW THE PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER IN AN IMMUNE SYSTEN RESPONSE. • YOUR SKIN IS THE FIRST DEFENSE AGAINST GERMS • WHITE BLOOD CELLS ARE THE ONES WHO FIGHT GERMS • THEY DIVIDE INTO 2 CLASSES: CALLED LYMPHOCYTES (B CELLS AND T CELLS) AND PHAGOCYTES (MACROPHAGES AND NEUTROPHILS)

16. T-CEllS MATURES IN THE THYMUS (AN ORGAN NEAR YOUR HEART) T STANDS FOR THYMUS THEY ARE THE COMMANDER IN CHIEFS THEY CALL MACROPHAGES WHEN GERMS ENTER THE BODY B-CELLS THEY COMPLETE THE MATURATION OF BONES, AND ARE LATER FOUND IN LYMPHNODES, WHICH TRAVEL THE BLOOD AND LYMPHATETIC VESSELS, AND IS A FLUID CALLED LYMPH WHICH BATHES THE BODY’S TISSUES THEY BECOME PLASMA CELLS TO SPREAD ANTI BODIES T AND B CELLS

17. MACROPHAGES • WHEN CALLED, THEY WILL MULTIPLY BY THE THOUSANDS AND GO TO WAR • MEANS “CELL-EATER” • EATS AWAY DEAD CELLS, GERMS AND OTHER WASTES • MONOCYTES ARE PHAGOCYTES THAT CIRCULATE THE BLOOD, WHEN THEY MIGRATE: THEY BECOME MACROPHAGES

18. SMALLER DEFENSES • ANTI BODIES HOLD ON TO THE ANTIGENS OF GERMS AND WAITS UNTIL A MACROPHAGE COMES AND EATS IT • ANTIGENS ARE A SIGN THAT TRIGGERS AN IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE • ANTI BODIES CAN KILL GERMS WITH THE HELP OF COMPLEMENT PROTEINS • COMPLEMENT PROTEINS WORK WITH ANTI BODIES TO CREATE HOLES IN INVADERS AND INJECT A FLUID INTO GERMS UNTIL THEY POP

19. OTHER • NEUTROPHILS ARE SIMILAR TO MONOCYTES EXCEPT SMALLER • PHAGOCYTE MEANS “CELL EATER” • LYMPHOKINS ARE CHEMICALS THAT CELLS USE TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACHY OTHER • LYMPHNODESARE PLACES WHERE BATTLES OCCUR (FOUND IN ARMPIT, NECK AND GROIN) AND IS WHERE B AND T PLATOONS WAIT FOR INVADERS. A SWOLLEN GLAND IS A SIGN OF A RAGING BATTLE.

20. PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA • THESE ARE COMMON SOIL BACTERIA THAT SOMEIMES CAUSE INFECTIONS.

21. SMALL POX • FIRST VIRUS FROM NATURE • LEAST UNDERSTOOD AND VERY DESTRUCTIVE • ONE DROPLET OF EXHALED MOISTURE FROM SOMEONE INFECTED CONTAINS A THOUSAND MORE VIRUSES THAN NEEDED TO INFECT A PERSON

22. WHAT ARE VACCINES, AND HOW ARE THEY MADE? • VACCINES ARE A WAY OF BUILDING YOUR OWN ACTIVE IMMUNITY TO A VIRUS • SCIENTISITS AND DOCTORS GROW THE VIRUS AND USE DEAD OR WEAKEN PARTICLES TO GIVE TO PEOPLE

23. HOW DOVACCINES WORK? • VACCINES WORK BY GETTING A SHOT AND IT TEACHES YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM HOW TO FIGHT THE VIRUS

24. RESOURCES • MRS. SZYCH’S HOMEPAGE • CELLSALIVE.COM