Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment: Questions of the Day

1. Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment:Questions of the Day Daniel W. Blackmon AP European History Coral Gables Sr. High

2. Identifications of the Day • Nicolas Copernicus • Johannes Kepler • Galileo Galilei • Sir Isaac Newton • Francis Bacon • René Descartes

3. Identifications of the Day • Cogito, ergo sum • Andreas Vesalius • William Harvey • Robert Boyle • Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoissier

4. Multiple Choice • Which of the following was most typical of preindustrial European village society? • A. Single-crop agricultural production. • B. Domestic manufacture of most household goods.

5. Multiple Choice • C. Upward economic mobility from one generation to the next • D. Low infant-mortality rates. • E. Long life expectancy

6. Multiple Choice • English economic expansion was severely threatened in the eighteenth century by a rapidly diminishing supply of

7. Multiple Choice • A. Peat • B. Wood • C. Coal • D. Oil • E. Water power.

8. Multiple Choice • “And New Philosophy calls all in doubt, • The element of Fire is quite put out; • The Sun is lost, and th’Earth, and no man’s wit • Can well direct him where to look for it.”

9. Multiple Choice • These verses by John Donne (1573-1631) refer to the scientific work of • A. Harvey • B. Leeuwenhoek • C. Copernicus • D. Paracelsus • E. Ptolemy

10. Multiple Choice • “His enthusiasm for scientific method, his belief that everything could be reduced to mathematical terms, and his insistence on systematic doubt of all earlier theories left a profound mark on the thinking of scientists in the next two centuries.”

11. Multiple Choice • The passage above is a description of the work of • A. Francis Bacon • B. Tycho Brahe • C. Isaac Newton • D. René Descartes • E. Baruch Spinosa

12. Multiple Choice • Johannes Kepler improved on Copernicus’ theories by • A. Introducing the concept of heliocentrism. • B. Demonstrating the laws of gravitational attraction.

13. Multiple Choice • C. Initially questioning the theory of crystalline spheres. • D. Demonstrating that planets have elliptical orbits. • E. Charting the epicycles of the planets.

14. Essay of the Day • “Nature and nature’s laws lay hid in night • God said, ‘Let Newton be,’ and all was light.”

15. Essay of the Day • The couplet above was Alexander Pope’s way of expressing the relationship between the Scientific Revolution and Christianity. What was the effect of seventeenth-century science on Christianity, and how did each react to the other? AP 1978

16. Effect of the Scientific Revolution: SFI • Copernicus • Kepler • Brahe • Galileo • Newton • “Principia”

17. Effect of the Scientific Revolution: SFI • Ptolemy • Aristotle • Ancients vs. Moderns • Church Authority

18. Effect of the Scientific Revolution: SFI • What is the nature of Man? • What is his relation to God? • What can we know about God?

19. Reaction of Christianity and Science: SFI • The Church rejects Science • Copernicus delays publication • Galileo: “But it still moves!” • Index of Forbidden Books

20. Reaction of Christianity and Science: SFI • Science tries to reconcile itself with the Church • Galileo • Newton • Alexander Pope • Mathematics

21. Reaction of Christianity and Science: SFI • Deism Attacked • absolute monarchy; aristocratic pretension; revealed religion especially the Catholic church • .Typically held for intellectual freedom, freedom of trade, and scientific experiment

22. Alexander Pope: Essay on Man • “What if the foot, ordained the dust to tread, • Or hand, to toil, aspired to be the head? • What if the head, the eye or ear repined • To serve mere engines to the ruling Mind?

23. Alexander Pope: Essay on Man • Just as absurd for any part to claim • To be another, in this general frame: • Just as absurd, to mourn the tasks or pains, • The great directing MIND of ALL ordains.” • ll. 259-268

24. Alexander Pope: Essay on Man • “All are but parts of one stupendous whole, • Whose body Nature is, and God the soul.”

25. Alexander Pope: Essay on Man • “All Nature is but Art, unknown to thee; • All Chance, Direction, which thou canst not see; • All Discord, Harmony not understood; • All partial Evil, universal Good; • And, spite of Pride, in erring Reason's spite, • One truth is clear: Whatever is, is right.” • ll. 289-94

26. Reaction of Christianity and Science: SFI • Philosophy adopts Science • Descartes • Cogito, ergo sum • Francis Bacon • Novum Organum

27. Philosophy Adopts Science • Sapere aude! • Philosophes • Condorcet: Progress of the Human Mind • Bayle: Historical and Critical Dictionary • Fontenelle: Conversation on the Plurality of Worlds

28. Philosophy Adopts Science • Voltaire • Candide • Treatise on Tolerance • “Écrasez l’infâme!”

29. Philosophy Adopts Science • Denis Diderot • “No quarter for superstitions!” • “Let us strangle the last king with the guts of the last priest!” • Baron d’Holbach: “System of Nature” • La Mettrie: “Man a Machine”

30. Identifications of the Day • Immanuel Kant • “What is Enlightenment?” • Sapere aude! • Marquis de Condorcet • Bernard de Fontenelle • Pierre Bayle

31. Multiple Choice • Important prerequisites for Great Britain’s industrialization in the mid-eighteenth century included which of the following?

32. Multiple Choice • A. Innovations in agricultural techniques and increases in food production • B. Dramatic improvements in workers’ housing in the cities

33. Multiple Choice • C. A rapid increase in the amount of gold • D. Rapid growth of a national system of rail transport • E. Strong monarchical leadership and a centralized government bureaucracy

34. Multiple Choice • During the early Industrial Revolution, the leading industry was the manufacture of

35. Multiple Choice • A. Steel • B. Textiles • C. Machine tools • D. Electronics • E. Chemicals

36. Multiple Choice • “The pasturing stock is allowed in peace to eat up the food on the pastures to its utmost limits, thus the stock returns more ample profit to the farmer. In managing arable lands, the farmer derives other solid advantages, such as security against trespass and adoption of correct crop rotation.”

37. Multiple Choice • The eighteenth century British quotation above is a justification for which of the following?

38. Multiple Choice • A. Enclosure of common lands • B. Strip farming • C. Sharecropping • D. Collectivization • E. Terracing

39. Multiple Choice

40. Multiple Choice • The sketch above, drawn by Galileo in 1610, was used to argue that the Moon • A. Has no phases • B. Has an irregular surface • C. Is one of the planets • D. Does not revolve around the Earth • E. Is illuminated by Mars.

41. Multiple Choice • The model of the universe which resulted from the scientific work of Galileo and Newton embraced • Aristotelian philosophy • B. A belief in an ascending “chain of being”

42. Multiple Choice • A conception of a spiritually animate universe • C. The belief in the fixed, central position of the Earth • D. The science of mechanics.

43. Multiple Choice René Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to scientific development in the seventeenth century by

44. Multiple Choice A. Making observations of planetary movements B. Perfecting the metric system

45. Multiple Choice C. Conducting experiments about gravitational forces D. Introducing logarithms E. Articulating theories of the scientific method.

46. Multiple Choice The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following?

47. Multiple Choice A. Aristotle B. Vesalius C. Copernicus D. Galileo E. Euclid

48. Essay of the Day • Describe the new astronomy of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and analyze the ways in which it changed scientific thought and methods. AP 1991

49. Describe: SFI • Copernicus • Heliocentric universe • Ptolemy • Geocentric universe • Tycho Brahe

50. Describe: SFI Johannes Kepler • 1st Law of Planetary Motion • Planets revolve in elliptical orbits • 2nd Law of Planetary Motion • Velocity varies according to distance from the sun • 3rd Law of Planetary Motion • Explains physical relationship among planets