Ancient Egyptian Civilization

1. Ancient Egyptian Civilization By: Maryam Shafiekhorassani, Safa Hijazi, Doaa Basma

2. Time period: • They emerged at 3200 BC • Very stable kingdoms that were separated by periods of instability-1600-110 B.C.E • They were at their peak 2 million years ago when conquered by rome • They fell at 300 BC • Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom

3. Government: • Pharaoh was the king/ruler • Agriculture was the foundation of the government and economy. • single ruler • Old kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom: • Old- 2700-2200 B.C.E.,Pharaoh set up central government, pyramids and tombs built, age of pyramids. • Middle-2000-1800 B.C.E.,period of reunification, chaos, disunity, literature, art, architecture • New-golden age, peace, stability • Pharaoh's right hand man- Vizio • Pharaoh owned everything

4. Economy: • Egypt=isolated from other areas, but when trade opportunities came along they took those opportunities • Trade was important • Pottery vases, linen, papyrus, gold vessels, ox hides, ropes, lentils, and dried fish • Geo Pro: Nile River provided transportation • Geo Con: Isolation (desserts) made trade complicated • Social classes: noblemen, administrators, soldiers, personal attendants, and a multitude of citizens • Economy depended on social class • successful economy in the Middle kingdom • Agriculture was the foundation of Egypt’s government and economy • people payed taxes in forms of crops • After the new kingdom, monetary(money,currency) economy was established.

5. Geography: • Located in North Africa and the Middle East. • It was along the Nile River • Today it is called Egypt and the area it’s in is the Middle East. • Water, topography, and vegetation greatly affected the civilization in good and bad ways. • Water: Nile River- drinking source, food source • Topography- pros= plains for farming, cons= mountains-hard to cross and settle on • Egypt was partially isolated from other regions due to nearby desserts and such things. • They were exposed to the Nile River.

6. Beliefs: • Religion played a central role in Egypt’s social and political order. • Pharaohs were believed to be gods. • They believed in afterlife:believed after Pharaoh's death he lived an endless afterlife. • They believed in many gods (pharaohs)- polytheism

7. Technology: • They were skilled in pottery, weaving, and metalworking • Messengers who ran on the roads were punished harshly if the message was not accurately delivered;rarely happened. • Inca built variety of bridges: suspension bridges and pontoon bridges. • Main forms of medicine used by the Inca was the coca leaf. • Inca developed aqueducts to bring fresh water into town. • Basic unit of distance used by the Inca was one pace or a "thatki".

8. Writing: • Egyptian form of writing was called hieroglyphics. • Hieroglyphics began as pictures. • Farming and the growth of the cities created the need for record keeping and accounting. • Developed shorthand and each picture would represent a sound. • Example: If “sit” was a hieroglyphic and we would represent it as a chair. When we write the word “situation” we would draw a chair to represent the first syllable of the word, which is how hieroglyphics work.

9. Contributions: • They contributed to modern mathematics. • They gave us the The Great Pyramids of Giza which are one of The 7 Wonders of The World. • The world's earliest surgery was developed by the Egyptians . • They were the first to develop paper and granite tools. • They wrote on the Rosetta Stone.

10. Slavery: • There is very small amount of evidence that there was slavery. • The slaves were used and sold to different owners . • Pyramids were built by slaves and they were paid beer. • Egyptians treated them poorly but depend on their work . • They lived in mud brick houses with furniture that was usually woven mats. • Their daily meal had onions, cucumbers, fish, bread , peas, and lentils. • When they barely had food they had to boil a papyrus. • They had no spare time of their own.

11. Art/Architecture • Artisans knew how to make many crafts. • Some workers included are carpenters, jewelers, leather workers, metalworkers, painters, potters, sculptors, and weavers. • Most artisans were men, but there were women too. • They built the Pyramids. • Rigid structures held pharaoh at the top, and slaves at the bottom.

12. Rise And Fall: • Egypt was conquered by the Arabs In 600 A.D. • Egypt was ruled by the Ottoman Turks in 1500 A.D. • Egyptians control Nubia in 2000 B.C. • Started to rise in 3500 B.C when early settlers settled in the Nile Valley. • Persians Conquered Egypt in 600 A.D. • Conquered by Alexander the Great in 300 B.C.

13. Golden Age: • Golden age was during 1600-1100 B.C.E. • There was peace and stability. • Pharaohs increased trade and monument building. • It ended after the death of the Pharaoh of that kingdom.

14. Sources: • Source 3 • Source 1 • Source 2 • Source 6 • Source 5

15. The End!