The Power of Ideas and the Beginning of the Reformation

1. The Power of Ideas and the Beginning of the Reformation

2. Recently… • We have looked at how: • Crusades  Ideas  Renaissance • Trade  Ideas  Renaissance • Now we will look at how: • Renaissance thinking  Reformation • But first: The power of Ideas…

3. Think of an idea that has changed the world. • How did that idea change the world? • Why was that idea powerful?

4. V • Video Clip of V for Vendetta • Speech to London clip • As you watch think of WHAT V is trying to do and HOW V is doing it.

5. The Man that Changed the World • Gutenberg (This is one opinion!) • The Printing Press… • We will read our handouts together. • Compare the Printing Press to the Internet… • We have lived through a technological revolution!

6. Europe before the Printing Press • No books • Illiterate population • Oral culture • Priests announced news at church • Local priests usually did not own a bible • Villagers listened to travelling readers • No schools (with the exception of clergy and elites) • Feudal society • Information is controlled by the church and the aristocracy • Limited access to information allows the Church to maintain control over the masses • The few books that existed were in Latin and possessed by the Church and the aristocracy • Monks handwrote and copied books • After 1l00 universities paid scribes to copy books

7. 1450- Guttenberg Invents the Printing Press • The first book to be printed was…. The Bible. “The Guttenberg Bible” was printed in Latin • The printing press made it possible to produce a large number of exact copies of a book in a short period of time • The church and the aristocracy largely ignored the printing press for aesthetic reasons and refused to place printed books alongside hand-copied books. • They also tried to control the spread of copied material through licenses

8. The Effect on Language • Latin was replaced by regional languages • Regional dialects became standardized • Grammar, spelling, and punctuation became standardized • The format of books becomes standardized as well (title page, page numbers, table of contents, indexes, footnotes)

9. The Effect on Society • Printing spreads like wildfire in Europe • By 1500 there were 20 000 000 books on 35 000 topics • Literacy • Schools • National identity • Common people now had access to information • People began to discover contradictions among texts and this began to affect thinking and perception CRITICAL THINKING!!!!

10. The Effect on Society cont’d • Traditional power structures begin to be challenged (the Reformation) • Scientific knowledge expands (the Renaissance) • The Church began to lose its absolute authority • Individualism • The printing press help to elevate the status of the individual by promoting the ideas that a common person could have their own opinion • Further, one person’s IDEAS could be published and spread across Europe • A few hundred years later all of these effects helped to create DEMOCRACY

11. Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press Blondie

12. Similarities and Differences between the Internet and Printing Press • What are some similarities between the two inventions? • What are some differences?

13. Similarities • What I came up with… • Resistance + Mobilizing (Iraq – Catholic Church) • Ideology (Political Parties) • Accessibility (Who is a part of it) • Government Publications • Propaganda/Advertising

14. Differences • What I came up with… • Speed of change • Corporate influence • Anyone can make information (Web 2.0) • International experience

15. Why Think About This… • Drawing similarities helps understand the shift in thinking • Consider how our actions today might affect our lives tomorrow • Forces us to think about the unintentional effects of our actions • Luther did not plan the Protestant Reformation!!!

16. The Protestant Reformation (1450-1565)

17. What was it? • A fundamental shift in theological thinking. • Theology: The study of God • Martin Luther is the main actor • Was a protest against the Catholic Church • Protestants – Protestant Reformation

18. Definitions: • Holy Roman Empire:A region of land that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe which grew out of the Frankish Empire. • It proclaimed itself to be the successor of the Western Roman Empire • Indulgence: The full or partial remission (forgiveness) of temporal punishment. • Basically an indulgence was a way to have some sins forgiven.

19. I. Religious Causes • Charges of greed and Church extravagance • European population was increasingly anti-clerical • Church was abandoning spirituality for political power • The controversy over the sale of indulgences • Growing human confidence vs. “original sin”

20. II. Cultural Causes • Humanist influences: • Better educated, urban populace was more critical of the Church than rural peasantry • Society was more humanistic and secular • Growing individualism • Black Death (live for the moment)

21. III. Technological • Invention of movable type was invented in by Johann Gutenberg • Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper • Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them • Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church

22. IV. Economic • Depressed conditions of German lesser nobility and peasants was blamed on Papal greed. • Peasants uprising in 1524/25

23. V. Political • Fractured structure of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nations • This weakened ability for emperors to respond to and crush dissent

24. Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched • What does this mean? Erasmus said: • “I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated . . . As if the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it”

25. Luther vs. the Catholic Church:Theological Perspectives God & Salvation Catholic Church Luther Humanity

26. Luther vs. the Catholic Church:Theological Perspectives God & Salvation Works (Catholic Church) Faith (Luther) Humanity

27. VIDEO, Yaaaay!

28. What happened to Luther? • Luther troubled by the sale of indulgences • Dominican friar Tetzel was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517 • Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517 • Some of Luther’s complaints • Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate

29. Luther’s Teachings • “Sola Fidei” (Salvation by Faith Alone) • “Sola Scriptura” (Authority of the Scriptures Alone) --Luther’s German Translation of the New Testament • The Priesthood of All Believers • Video (23 – 26)

30. What happened to Luther? • Pope pays little attention to Luther at first • 1520 – Pope condemns Luther • 1521 – Diet of Worms • Luther declared an outlaw as he refuses to recant. • Goes into hiding in Saxony, Frederick of Saxony protects Luther as he translates the Bible into German • Video (31:50-36)

31. Declaration at the Diet • For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favor the said Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, where upon we will order the appropriate manner of proceeding against the said Luther. Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for their good work.

32. What happened to Luther? • 1546 – Luther dies • 1555 - The Peace of Augsburg • Permitted princes in the Holy Roman Empire of the Germanic Nations to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism

33. Why did this happen? • Based on what we have seen, read about, and talked about in class, why did Luther’s challenge cause a split in the Church when earlier reform movements had not? • Think of the context of Germany at the time, technology, politics, economics, etc. • Discuss in groups of five and then write a short paragraph.

34. Luther’s Impact • Luther won widespread support in Germany • Many in towns were sick of Church abuses and resent paying Church taxes which went directly to Rome • Many towns governments eagerly took over Church property and set up independent Churches • Some German princes also supported Luther and also seized Church lands and refused to pay taxes to Rome • This protest earned them the name Protestants and the movement later was called the protestant Reformation

35. Luther’s Impact Cont’d • Luther’s reforms were attractive to peasants who bore the heavy burden of Church taxes • This led to peasant rebellions in 1524 in Southern Germany against the nobility and the Church • By 1546, when Luther died, about half of the princes within the Holy Roman Empire had adopted the new Protestant faith • This led to a military campaign by the emporer to force the Lutheran princes back into the Catholic Church • The Peace of Augsburg which ended this campaign allowed princes to choose the religion of their territory • This marked an official split in Christendom

36. The Reformation Expanded • How did the Reformation affect other parts of Europe?

37. Switzerland • Emerged as a center of the Protestant Reformation • Very urban, cosmopolitan setting • Reformer Ulrich Zwingli believed in Salvation by faith alone and abolished mass, confessions, and indulges while allowing priests to marry • Wanted a complete break with the Catholic Church • Wanted a theocracy • Killed by Catholics

38. Switzerland • Led Protestant movements in the Swiss cities of Basel and Geneva • Some of his beliefs • Theocracy • God has ultimate power and knowledge • Predestination • Stress on order and rigorous adherence to God’s law (he differed from Luther in this way who stressed that people could work toward their salvation on their own)

39. Switzerland • Consistory (1541) • Experiment in theocracy • Council of ministers and laymen applied Calvin’s strict moral code • “Police state of God” • Calvinists won many converts in commercial centers like the Netherlands where middle class townspeople were attracted to the idea that people should live simply and work hard

40. Calvin in France • Huguenots were Calvin’s followers who were particularly strong in southern France • Became a powerful minority • John Knox took the ne faith to Scotland • Followers established churches in Englands where they became known as Puritans

41. England • Henry VIII considered himself a faithful Catholic throughout his life and even published a stinging attack on Luther in 1521 • He was even name “defender of the faith” by the Pope • However, Henry later quarreled with the Pope over the issue of marriage • His 18 year marriage to Catherine of Aragon produced no male heir to inherit the English throne • Many children, including boys had not survived infancy • There is only one female heir

42. England • Henry seeks an annulment • The Pope refuses • Henry creates the Church of England (1534), establishes his own supremacy over it, and gets the Church to annul his marriage • The six wives of Henry VIII • Henry did not want to change Catholic beliefs • In fact, the Anglican Church (the Church of England) preserved Catholic beliefs • After Henry’s death England swung back and forth from Catholic to Protestant

43. The rule of “Bloody” Mary • She was raised a Catholic and wanted to make England truly Catholic again • She burns Protestants at the stake

44. Queen Victoria I • Unites England with a Protestant Church that has Catholic features- religious compromise • This satisfies most in England • She persecuted both Catholics and Protestants who opposed her policies, but firmly established England as a Protestant Nation • Puritans are not satisfied and call for the removal of all things Catholic

45. Scotland • Support for a break with the Catholic Church increased • John Knox • Attacked Catholic corruption • Fled England with “Bloody Mary” • Went to Geneva and was influenced by Calvin • 1557 Knox was invited back to Scotland by a group of Scottish nobles who had accepted reform ideas • Presbyterian Church was organized in 1558

46. E. Other Parts of Western Europe • No Protestant inroads into Spain or Italy • Protestantism succeeded only where it was urban and supported initially by the nobility • After 1540, no new Protestant territories outside of the Netherlands • Most powerful European nations were Catholic • Protestants were feuding with each other • Generally the South was Catholic

47. V. The Counter-Reformation: The Catholic Response

48. Ingredients • Reformation shaped the form and rapidity of the Catholic response • Council of Trent (1545-1563) • Pope Paul III • Defined official doctrine • Salvation by faith and works • Catholic hierarchy interprets Bible • Stopped church abuses (clergy restrictions & training, indulgences) • Renewed emotionalism in Church (Baroque art) • The Society of Jesus (“Jesuits”)—1534 --Ignatius Loyola • The Inquisition • A court based in Italy to find, try, and judge heretics