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Infant Cognition

Infant Cognition. Interest in infant cognitive abilities NOT new Piaget’s interest in infant cognition Importance of motor activity Internalized sensorimotor schemes Problems with Piagetian approach to infant cognition. Infant Cognition. Infant looking behavior

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Infant Cognition

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  1. Infant Cognition • Interest in infant cognitive abilities NOT new • Piaget’s interest in infant cognition • Importance of motor activity • Internalized sensorimotor schemes • Problems with Piagetian approach to infant cognition

  2. Infant Cognition • Infant looking behavior • Robert Fantz and preferential looking • What can fixation paradigms demonstrate? • Discrimination of perceptual characteristics • Extension beyond discrimination?

  3. Infant Cognition Baillargeon, Spelke, and Wasserman (1985) Habituation Display Test Display 1 Test Display 2

  4. Infant Cognition • Baillargeon, Spelke, & Wasserman (1985) • Dishabituation to Test Display 2 • Impossible event • Violation-of-Expectation paradigm • Ability to examine conceptual knowledge • Alternative explanations for the violation-of-expectation paradigm • Haith and Benson (1997) • The problem of rich interpretation • Distinction between impossibility and novelty

  5. Infant Cognition • Cashon & Cohen (2000) • Four habituation groups • 120 degree rotation, no box • 180 degree rotation, no box (replication of Baillargeon et al) • 120 degree rotation, box • 180 degree rotation, box • Four test displays (same as above) • Results DID NOT replicate Baillargeon et al • Response to novelty of rotation, and novelty of appearance/disappearance of box

  6. Executive Function • What is executive function (EF)? • Adaptive, goal-directed behaviors that enable individuals to override more automatic established thoughts and responses • Associated with prefrontal cortex

  7. Executive Function • EF Frameworks • EFs as a unitary construct with constituent subprocesses • EFs as dissociable processes • Working memory • Response inhibition

  8. Executive Function • What is an EF task? • Mental set shifting • The ability to shift from one mental set to another • Working memory • The amount of information people can keep track of at one time • Inhibition of a prepotent response • The ability to NOT make a previous response

  9. Executive Function • Developmental theories of EF • Cognitive complexity and control • Zelazo and colleagues • During development rules become gradually more hierarchically organized • 2 yrs children can represent 1 arbitrary rule • 3 yrs children can represent a pair of rules • 4 years children have higher order rule representation • Response perseveration

  10. Executive Function • Developmental theories of EF • Graded representations • Munakata and colleagues • Multiple systems of representations, which are graded (not all or none) • Latent and active representations • Developmental time course of latent and active representations • Response perseveration

  11. Executive Function • Developmental theories of EF • Dissociable EFs • Diamond and colleagues • Three separate components • Working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility • Separate developmental paths • Components interact • Response perseveration

  12. Executive Function • How do we measure EFs? • Working memory tasks • Simple tasks: Delayed responses • Complex tasks: Invisible displacement • Response inhibition tasks • Simple tasks: Delayed gratification • Complex tasks: Reverse categorization • Set shifting tasks • Simple tasks: A not B task • Complex tasks: Card sorting task

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