The Industrial Revolution

1. The IndustrialRevolution AP World History Unit 5 1750-1900

2. Does a Revolution always mean War? • What does the word “revolution” mean? • Scientific Revolution, American Revolution, French Revolution, and Industrial Revolution. • CHANGE! • Long term and short term changes. • How did technological discoveries and developments of the Scientific Revolution change society? • Scientific discoveries, new machines, printing press, and exploration.

3. Getting the Revolution Started • Many European economies, during the 1700s, were based on mercantilism and were very labor intensive. • Lasting effects from the Scientific Revolution and a more peaceful Europe led to a demand for more change. • The Industrial Revolution is defined as a period of increased output of goods made by machines and new inventions. • It was a slow, long, uneven process from hand tools to complex machines. • Which means that the Industrial Revolution did not happen over night.

4. Beginnings • Capitalization came from Caribbean sugar profits • 1750 – 1820s: Began in Great Britain • 1800 – 1850: Spread to France, Belgium, Germany, United States • 1850 – 1914: Spread to Russia, Japan, Austria (Czech lands) • Impact was Global • Massive Growth of Global Trade • Imports of raw minerals and materials • Cottons • Fuels • Iron • Export of finished goods • Labor markets became global • Slave Trade from 1750 to 1820 more or less • Three Slave Trades • Atlantic was largest; Indian Ocean last to end • Immigration to Americas in search of work • Indians, Chinese, Vietnamese immigrated to work plantations • Indentured Servitude, Tenant Farming, Sharecropping

5. Factors Aiding Industrial Growth • Changes in Farming Methods • Enclosure Movement • Process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. • Larger fields = more output. • Small farmers are displaced = move to cities for work. • Crop Rotation • Produce more crops using the same amount of land. • Improved Livestock • Selective breeding caused the weights and quantities of livestock to double in the 18th century.

6. Factors Aiding Industrial Growth • Energy Revolution • Coal was used to power the first steam engine. • James Watt (1769) created a pump to remove water out of mines. • Vital power source during Industrial Revolution • By 1780, rail lines crisscrossed Britain, Europe, and eastern North America. • Improved trade. • Encouraged travel for common people.

7. Britain led the Rise of Industry • Why did the Industrial Revolution begin here? • Britain had many advantages. • Manpower • population boom and city workers. • Materials • coal, iron ore, and other natural resources. • Money • trade and war to invest. • Markets • large colonial empire and trade agreements. • Modes of Transportation • roads, rail, and shipping.

8. Economic Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Goods were produced more efficiently • Supply of goods increased • Prices of goods decreased • More consumer demand due to lowered prices • Jobs were created in factories and on rail lines

9. Britain Led the Rise of Industry • British revolutionized textile industry • One invention led to another. • Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, Spinning Mule, Power Loom, and Cotton Gin • These inventions were too expensive for home use. • Welcome to factory life! • Increased cotton and linen output. • 1785 = 40 million yards • 1850 = 2 billion yards!

10. Social Effect of the Industrial Revolution • Urbanization • A movement of people to cities. • Did they come by choice? • Yes and no…changes in farming and demand for workers. • Overcrowding • Manchester • 17,000 in 1750…40,000 in 1780…70,000 in 1801! • Dirty and disease ridden from factories. • City governments were corrupt and inefficient. • Cities were unsafe. • Tenement housing • Shabby apartment buildings. • No light, no running water, many to one room, and no sanitation system.

11. POPULATION INCREASE European population Between 1700 – 1800 Rose to 190 million Population Explosion Due to increase in birth rate Decline in death rate Birth rate exceeds death rate Sanitary Conditions Medical care improved Nutrition improved Sanitation improved Life Expectancy in developing nations rose Europeans introduced medical, sanitary practices abroad

12. Urban life in Great Britain.

13. Social Effect of the Industrial Revolution • Hazards of Factory Life • Long work days. • 12-16 hours. • No safety devices. • Loss of limbs and lives. • Pollution. • Coal dust and lint into lungs of workers. • Women were paid less than men. • Many employers preferred women to men. • Thought they could adapt to machines better and easier to manage. • Grim family life. • Concept of the “double-shift”.

14. A young woman weaver next to her loom at the Witney Mill in England during the early 1900s.

15. Social Effect of the Industrial Revolution • Children Suffered in Mills and Mines • Were “trappers”. • Cleared the ventilation shafts. • Orphaned children worked for food and board. • Many families needed the extra money. • Many were beat and very few received an education. • Factory Act of 1833.  • Passed to improve working hours for children.

17. Social Effect of the Industrial Revolution • Middle Class Expanded • Rise of factory owners, shippers, and merchants. • Lived in nice housing, dressed and ate well, and women did not work. • Viewed the poor as lazy or ignorant. • Responsible for their own misery. 

18. Political Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Capitalism vs. Socialism • Capitalism. • Individuals, rather than governments, control the factors of production. • Land, labor, and capital. • Businesses are privately owned. • Socialism. • Government owns the means of production and operates them on behalf of the people. • Reform movements, unions, and anti-trust laws are created.

19. Cultural Changes • Rise of Mass Leisure culture among Middle and Upper Classes– Widespread advertising creates consumer fads •The Bicycle Newspapers become popular Radio and motion pictures Organized sports: baseball, soccer, boxing, horseracing Family vacation for the wealthy and middle class

21. Adjustments to Industrial Life • Demographic Transition– Declining birthrates Declining death rates for children–Family size decreases Women began to outlive men Life expectancy increases–Discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur Widespread use of vaccines by the 1880s

22. Good, Bad, or ? • Was the Industrial Revolution a blessing or a curse? • Negative: • Low pay, unemployment, horrible living conditions, and need for reform.  • Positive: • New factories opened, created more jobs, wages rose, travel increased, horizons widened, and opportunities increased.  • Conditions improved over time!

23. Important Inventions and Inventors to Remember from the Industrial Revolution • Cotton Gin (invented by Eli Whitney 1793) • Telegraph (invented by Samuel Morse 1836) • Sewing Machine (invented by Elias Howe 1844) • Theory of Evolution (Charles Darwin, 1859) • Transatlantic Cable (invented by Cyrus Field 1866) • Telephone (invented by Alexander Graham Bell, 1876) • Electric Light Bulb (invented by Thomas Edison, 1879) • Automobile (invented by Karl Benz, 1885) • Radio (invented by Guglielmo Marconi 1895) • Airplane (invented by Wilbur and Orville Wright, 1903) • Assembly Line (invented by Henry Ford, 1913)

24. European Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution Justifications: 19thCentury LiberalismSocial Darwinism Responses:Socialism, MarxismLabor Unions FinanceCapitalism SocialChanges Urban Industrial Environment Expansion of Gov't Services Requirements Aristocracy Declining in Power IncreasedCompetition City Services: Fire, Police, Water, Sanitation Middle Class Rising in Power Raw Materials Nationalism New Markets Working Class Living in Poverty Imperialism Public Health Education Underlying Causes of World War Peasants Struggling to Survive Militarism Investments Assassinationof Archduke Ferdinand EntanglingAlliances

25. Photos of Industrialization AP World History Unit 5 1750-1900

26. Young girl in the weaving shed at the Witney Mill rewinding unravelled power loom bobbins by hand.

32. This little girl is so small she has to stand on a box to reach her knitting machine. Loudon Hosiery Mills – Tennessee, December 1910.

33. A boy sweeping at a cotton mill.

34. Young boys working with needles or pins of some sort. Danger of clothes or hands getting stuck in the machine.

35. Boys work in a textile factory.

36. A young Indian child's hand. This child is a carpet weaver.

37. Workers at the Herisem paper and cardboard mill in Belgium, 1902.

38. Adult coal mine workers.

39. Two boys and a horse in a coal mine – West Virginia, October, 1908

40. Children working in mines. Called “hurriers”.

41. Shorpy Higginbotham, “greaser” at the Bessie Mine of the Sloss-Sheffield Steel and Iron Co. He said that he was 14 years old, but that was doubtful. The greasers carried heavy pails of grease and were often in danger of being run over by the coal cars, December,1910

42. Newsies out after midnight selling newspapers. Youngest boy in the group is 9 years old and the oldest is age 11 – Washington, D.C.

43. Francis Lance, 5 years old, 41 inches high. He jumps on and off moving trolley cars to sell papers – St. Louis, Mo.

44. While working in Sanders Spinning Mill, Bessemer City, N.C., Giles Edmund Newsom, a piece of the machine fell on to his foot mashing his toe. This caused him to fall on to a spinning machine and his hand went into unprotected gearing, crushing and tearing out two fingers. He told the attorney he was 11 years old when it happened. His parents said he was 13 years old. The school census taken at the time of the accident made him 12 years old. October 23rd, 1912.

45. Cartoon related to the Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist.

46. Early Automotive Assembly Line, 1920s.