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Afghanistan

Afghanistan. 1919-1933. King Amanullah, 1919-1929 Good relations with Bolsheviks Close ties to Turkey 1928 proposes democratic, modernist reforms January 1929 overthrown by Tajiks October 1929 Tajiks overthrown by Pushtuns. 1929-1933. Nadir Shah establishes Islamic republic

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Afghanistan

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  1. Afghanistan

  2. 1919-1933 • King Amanullah, 1919-1929 • Good relations with Bolsheviks • Close ties to Turkey • 1928 proposes democratic, modernist reforms • January 1929 overthrown by Tajiks • October 1929 Tajiks overthrown by Pushtuns

  3. 1929-1933 • Nadir Shah establishes Islamic republic • Assassinated November 1933 • His son, Zahir Shah, becomes King

  4. Zahir Shah, 1933-1973 • Weak ruler • 1952 Prime Minister attempts reforms • 1953 Daoud Khan leads military coup • Modernization • Close ties to USSR • Promotes “Pushtunistan” • Resigns 1963

  5. Zahir Shah (continued) • 1964 creates constitutional monarchy • 1965 People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan founded • 1970 Organization of Young Muslims founded • President: Professor Borhanuddin Rabbani • Begin recruitments in armed forces • Blame economic crises on monarchy

  6. Modernism • Technology will solve all humanity’s problems • Humans are in control of their own destiny • Deistic or atheistic position • USSR was ultimate modernist state

  7. IslamicResponses to Modernism • Modernist: • Educated, urban • Modernism is to be assimilated • Traditionalist: • Little or no formal education, rural • Modernism is to be ignored • Fundamentalist: • All strata of society • Modernism is to be actively combated

  8. Fundamentalist Positions • Political activism supercedes religious piety • The West and The USSR are modernist • The West: moral decadence • USSR: atheism • All manifestations of Modernism are to be rejected • Modernism is at war with Islam

  9. The Republic, 1973-1978 • Daoud Khan overthrows Zahir Shah • Allies with moderate Marxists • Repression of Islamic groups • Islamic groups flee to Pakistan • Two leaders emerge: both favor Islamic state • Gulbuddin Hikmatyar: favors dictatorship • Borhanuddin Rabbani: favors democracy • Repression of moderate Marxists • April 1978 Marxist faction of army overthrows Daoud Khan

  10. The Marxist State, 1978-1992 • Nur Muhammad Taraki, 1978-1979 • Hafizullah Amin, October-December 1979 • Babrak Karmal, 1979-1986 • Muhammad Najibullah, 1986-1992

  11. Nur Muhhamad Taraki, April 1978-October 1979 • Attempts land, education reform • Signs mutual defense treaty with USSR • Resistance: • Winter 1978 mountain regions rebel • March 1979 Iran-backed seizure of Herat • October 1979 Taraki “dies suddenly”

  12. Hafizullah Amin,October-December 1979 • Attempts to slow down reforms • Rebels begin crossing Pakistani border • Soviet troops take over border patrols • By mid-December 17,000 Soviet troops in Afghanistan • 27 December Amin killed by Soviet troops

  13. Babrak Karmal,1979-1986 • Releases all political prisoners • 50,000 Soviet troops arrive; mostly Uzbek and Tajik • April 1980 Uzbek and Tajik troops replaced by Russians • Eight rebel groups: • Total rebel force 75,000 • Hikmatyar’s force by far the largest

  14. Muhammad Najibullah,1986-1992 • Gorbachev appointee • 1986 US supplies Stinger Missiles • January 1987 Najibullah proposes truce • Islamic Alliance of Afghan Mujahedin reject proposal • Mujahedin forces approximately 250,000 • UN attempts to negotiate unsuccessfully

  15. The Soviet Withdrawal • Soviets withdraw by February 1989 • Mujahedin intensify campaign • US continues to supply $500 million a year • Soviets supply 20 planeloads per day in weapons • March 1990 Mujahedin collapes

  16. The Fall of Najibullah • 1990-91 rebel militias continue to fight • UN, Najibullah repeatedly sue for peace • November 1991 Soviets support Rabbani • March 18 Najibullah announces he will resign in April

  17. US-Saudi Aid to Mujahedin • 1980: $500 million • 1987: $1.2 billion • 1989: $500 million (US)

  18. Costs of Civil War • Economic infrastructure destroyed • 30,000-60,000 killed by 1984 • Nation fractured into fiefdoms • 10,000s refugees in Pakistan

  19. The Battle For Kabul • Late 1992 Rabbani seizes power • Allies with Abdul Dostum, an Uzbek • Hikamtyar levels Kabul • 100,000s flee to Pakistan • Late 1993 Dostum goes to Mazar-e Sharif • Creates “Northern Alliance” • Northern Afghanistan becomes a de facto Uzbek nation

  20. Why the Mujahedeen Failed • Government Structure was untenable • Fall of USSR • Came too late • Rise of Warlords • No legitimacy

  21. Rise of the Taliban • July 1994 Mullah Omar secures Kandahar-Chaman road • Kandahar residents invite him to rule • Taliban secures northern road • Movement spreads throughout southern Afghanistan

  22. http://www.afghan-info.com/Politics/Northern_Alliance.htm

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