French and Indian War: British Expansion and Colonial Resistance

1. Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest

2. Britain [Iroquois] v. France [with Indian Allies] in North America [1754-1763] • An extension of the Seven Years War in Europe • Resulted from overlapping interests in colonial and trade empires French and Indian War

4. In the 1750s, French authorities, alarmed by British inroads into Ohio, build a string of defensive forts • British Governor Dinwiddie dispatched military expedition led by George Washington to reassert British claims • The result was an international incident that prompted Virginian and British expansionists to demand war French and Indian War

5. Albany Congress • July 1754 • Gathered to plan their defense in the French and Indian War • A proposal to create a unified government for the 13 colonies was suggested by Benjamin Franklin • The proposal was rejected Albany Plan of Union

6. French were greatly outnumbered so they used Native allies to assist them • Outcome: • Britain wins • Treaty of Paris, 1763 • France cedes territory in North America to Britain and Spain • Confirms Britain’s position as the dominant power in Eastern North America French and Indian War

8. Closed off the frontier of the colonies to further expansion • Purpose: • Calm the fears of Natives who thought they would be driven from their land • Prevent conflicts with Natives and settlers • Colonists felt they were being “penned” up for easier regulation • Felt cheated out their “prize” from the war Proclamation of 1763

10. Pre-War: • Salutary Neglect • No/little restrictions on the colonists will allow them to flourish • Post-War: • Britain is in debt from the war • Feels the colonists should pay most of it off, as the war directly affected them British Economic Control

11. Britain is in debt from the French and Indian War • Feels the colonists should pay most of it off, as the war directly affected them • This leads to a series of taxes passed by parliament that will be imposed in the North American colonies British Economic Control of the Colonies

12. Revenue raising act • 3 pence per gallon of molasses tax • 12 pence [d] equaled a shilling [s]; 20 shilling in a pound of silver (standard conversion) • 4s6d equaled 1 pound of sterling silver during the late 1700s • This is about 4 cents in todays money • Passed and enforced during an economic recession • Colonists were used to taxes regulating trade, but not solely for raising revenue Sugar Act 1764

13. All printed materials must be printed on paper with a stamp • Legal documents [wills, marriage cert., birth cert., death cert.], magazines, newspapers • Problem: weretaxed without their consent as they had no representatives in Parliament • “No taxation without representation” Stamp Act 1765

14. Repealed the Stamp Act of 1765 as the boycott on British goods was hurting trade • The Act stated… • Parliament’s authority was the same in the American colonies as in England • “…full power and authority to make laws and statutes…in all cases whatsoever” Declaratory Act 1766

15. Revenue Act – taxes on imported items of paper, paint, lead, glass and tea • Indemnity Act – make BEIC tea more competitive with the smuggled Dutch tea • Commissioners of Customs Act – created a commissioners board who enforced trade regulation and increase tax revenue • Vice Admiralty Court Act – gave the British naval court jurisdiction over customs violations and smuggling • New York Restraining Act – punish New York for not enforcing the Quartering Act of 1765 Townshend Duties 1767

16. * Upper left had corner – backward moon ~ in British folklore this type of backward means is an omen of bad things to come * Two clock faces – both are on the two buildings with steeples at the back of the engraving. The clock faces are also backwards ~ again, in British folklore, this is also a bad omen * Buildings on the left look old, ratty, not nice, etc. – message is the colonists had it tough * Buildings on the right look more stable, wealthy, privileged, etc. – message is the Brits were better off * The color red appears in only two places – the jackets of the Brits and the blood of the colonists – message, the Brits caused the blood * Crispus Attucks is depicted as a white man (the death of a black man would not raise as much sympathy) * Poor defenseless colonists have no weapons whereas the Brits has big guns pointed at the crowd and have sneers on their faces * On the right side, the sign “Butcher’s Hall” hangs over the heads of the Brits – message is the Brits are butchers (research shows there was never a place called “Butcher’s Hall * Window on the left under this sign has a nose of a shotgun sticking out of it with a puff of smoke thus indicating the gun had just been fired (who fired it?????) * British commander looks to be giving the order to fire (always been a question about who fired first) * Innocent women, animals, etc. * Doesn’t show the snow (snow ball fight) * Happened at night, not during the day • March 5, 1770 • Colonists were resisting/protesting taxation from the Townshend Duties • Would gather around British soldiers and chant, spit, yell, throw things • Chaos ensued and British soldiers fired into the [unarmed] crowd, killing 5 colonists • Video Boston Massacre

17. British East India Company has the right to ship tea directly to North America and the right of duty-free [tax-free] export of tea from Britain • Gave the BEIC a monopoly of tea in the colonies • Made tea CHEAPER, but the colonists were angry they were forced to pay a tax they didn’t get to vote on paying Tea Act 1773

18. Political protest by the Sons of Liberty • Colonists, dressed as Natives, boarded three ships in the harbor and threw 342 cases of tea overboard • Protesting “no taxation without representation” Boston Tea Party 1773

19. The Boston Port Act • The Massachusetts Government Act • The Administration of Justice Act • The Quartering Act (Expands) • The Quebec Act • Referred to by the colonists as the Intolerable Acts • The punishment for the Boston Tea Party Coercive Acts 1774

20. The Boston port will remained closed until payment is made for the tea destroyed, as well as the taxes that would have been paid on the tea • Goal: Starve out the city to give in • Failure as the other 12 colonies sent supplies for the Bostonians The Boston Port Act

21. Colonists could no longer elect officials and judges • Town meetings could not be held without permission The Massachusetts Government Act

22. British officials who go on trial for crimes committed can choose to have their trial in another colony or in England The Administration of Justice Act

23. Allowed a governor to house soldiers in other private buildings, if suitable quarters were not provided • This included barns, inns, other unoccupied structures • Provide food / shelter to British soldiers • Expanded already existing Quartering Act to enable British soldiers to be housed in private homes The Quartering Act

24. Extended territory of Quebec with land granted from England • Also guaranteed freedom of religion for Catholics in Quebec Quebec Act