KEY CONCEPT Infections can be caused in several ways.

1. KEY CONCEPTInfections can be caused in several ways.

2. Viruses, bacteria, viroids, and prions can all cause infection. • Any disease-causing agent is called a pathogen. 1 nanometer (nm) = one billionth of a meter 100 nm eukaryotics cells10,000-100,000 nm viroids5-150 nm viruses50-200 nm prokaryotics cells200-10,000 nm prion2-10 nm

3. A virus is made of DNA or RNA and a protein coat. • non-living pathogen • can infect many organisms • A viroid is made only of single-stranded RNA. • causes disease in plants • passed through seeds or pollen

4. causes misfolding of other proteins • results in diseases of the brain • A prion is made only of proteins.

5. KEY CONCEPT Viruses exist in a variety of shapes and sizes.

6. Viruses have a simple structure. genetic material capsid, a protein shell maybe a lipid envelope, a protective outer coat capsid surfaceproteins nucleic acid nucleic acid capsid Surface proteins lipidenvelope capsid nucleic acid surfaceproteins lipid envelope Viruses differ in shape and in ways of entering host cells. enveloped(influenza) helical(rabies) polyhedral(foot-and-mouth disease)

7. Bacteriophages infect bacteria. capsid DNA tail sheath tail fiber

8. Viruses enter cells in various ways. colored SEM; magnifications: large photo 25,000; inset 38,000x • bacteriophages pierce host cells

9. viruses of eukaryotes enter by endocytosis • Viruses enter cells in various ways.

10. viruses of eukaryotes also fuse with membrane • Viruses enter cells in various ways.

11. A lytic infection causes the host cell to burst. host bacterium The bacterophage attachesand injects it DNA into a host bacterium. The host bacterium breaks apart, or lyses. Bacteriophages are ableto infect new host cells. The viral DNA forms a circle. The viral DNA directs the hostcell to produce new viral parts.The parts assemble into newbacteriophages. The virus may enter the lysogenic cycle, in which the host cell is not destroyed. Viruses cause two types of infections.

12. A lysogenic infection does no immediate harm. The prophage may leave the host’s DNA and enter the lytic cycle. The viral DNA is called a prophage when it combines with the host cell’s DNA. Although the prophage is not active, it replicates along with the host cell’s DNA. Many cell divisions produce a colony of bacteria infected with prophage.

13. KEY CONCEPT Some viral diseases can be prevented with vaccines.

14. There are many examples of viral infections. common cold Viruses cause many infectious diseases

15. influenza Viruses cause many infectious diseases • There are many examples of viral infections. • common cold

16. influenza Viruses cause many infectious diseases • There are many examples of viral infections. • common cold • SARS

17. HIV HIV-infected white blood cell Viruses cause many infectious diseases • There are many examples of viral infections. • The body has natural defenses against viruses.

18. A vaccine stimulates the body’s own immune response. Vaccines prepare the immune system for a future attack. Vaccines are made from weakened pathogens. • Vaccines are the only way to control the spread of viral disease.