Standard Addressed: 11.9 Students analyze U.S. foreign policy since World War II.

1. Standard Addressed: 11.9 Students analyze U.S. foreign policy since World War II. Lesson Objectives: Section 1 - Origins of the Cold War • 1. Explain the breakdown in relations between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. • 2. Summarize the steps taken to contain Soviet influence. • 3. Describe how the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan deepened Cold War tensions. • 4. Explain how conflicts over Germany increased fear of Soviet aggression.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. COLD WAR CONFLICTS U.S vs. U.S.S.R.

4. Section 1 Origins of the Cold War The United States and the Soviet Union emerge from World War II as two “superpowers” with vastly different political and economic systems. NEXT

5. SECTION 1 Origins of the Cold War Former Allies Clash • U.S.-Soviet Relations • U.S., U.S.S.R. have very different economic, political systems • U.S. suspicious of Stalin because he had been Hitler’s ally • Stalin resents that U.S. delayed attacking Germany and hid atom bomb Continued . . . NEXT

6. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR • After being Allies during WWII, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. soon viewed each other with increasing suspicion • Their political differences created a climate of icy tension that plunged the two countries into an era of bitter rivalry known as the Cold War The Cold War would dominate global affairs from 1945 until the breakup of the USSR in 1991

7. POLITICAL DIFFERENCES • At the heart of the tension was a fundamental difference in political systems • America is a democracy that has a capitalist economic system, free elections and competing political parties • In the U.S.S.R., the sole political party – the Communists – established a totalitarian regime with little or no rights for the citizens Soviets viewed Marx, Engels and Lenin as founders of Communism

8. SUSPICIONS DEVELOPED DURING THE WAR ISSUES • Even during the war, the two nations disagreed on many issues • The U.S. was furious that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had been an ally of Hitler for a time • Stalin was upset that the U.S. had kept its development of the atomic bomb a secret

9. Chapter 18: Section 1 MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS • A – What cause the tension between the United States and the Soviet Union after the war? • Different political and economic systems; • Soviet Union had been an ally of Germany; • Stalin resented Allies delay in attacking Germans in Europe.

10. SECTION 1 Origins of the Cold War Former Allies Clash • The United Nations • 1945, United Nations established as new peacekeeping body • UN becomes arena where U.S., U.S.S.R. compete Continued . . . NEXT

11. THE UNITED NATIONS PROVIDES HOPE • Hopes for world peace were high at the end of the war • The most visible symbol of these hopes was the United Nations (U.N.) • Formed in June of 1945, the U.N. was composed of 50 nations • Unfortunately, the U.N. soon became a forum for competing superpowers to spread their influence over others The United Nations today has 191 member countries

12. SECTION 1 continuedFormer Allies Clash • Truman Becomes President • Harry S. Truman succeeds FDR as president • As vice-president, Truman was not included in policy decisions • - was not told about atom bomb NEXT

13. SOVIETS DOMINATE EASTERN EUROPE • The Soviet Union suffered an estimated 20 million WWII deaths, half of whom were civilian • As a result they felt justified in their claim to Eastern Europe • Furthermore, they felt they needed Eastern Europe as a buffer against future German aggression

14. SECTION 1 continuedFormer Allies Clash • The Potsdam Conference • July 1945 conference with U.S., Great Britain, Soviet Union • Stalin does not allow free, multiparty elections in Poland • - bans democratic parties NEXT

15. SECTION 1 Tension Mounts • Bargaining at Potsdam • Truman becomes convinced that U.S., Soviet aims deeply at odds • Soviets want reparations from Germany; Truman objects • Agree to take reparations mainly from own occupation zones • U.S. emerges from war as great economic power • - wants Eastern European raw materials, markets Continued . . . NEXT

16. STALIN INSTALLS PUPPET GOVERNMENTS • Stalin installed “satellite” communist governments in the Eastern European countries of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and East Germany • This after promising “free elections” for Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference In a 1946 speech, Stalin said communism and capitalism were incompatible – and another war was inevitable

18. SECTION 1 continuedTension Mounts • Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe • Soviet Union also has great economic, military strength • Unlike U.S., Soviet Union suffered heavy devastation on own soil • Installs communist rule in satellite nations, countries it dominates • 1946, Stalin announces war between communism, capitalism inevitable NEXT

19. CHURCHILL: “IRON CURTAIN” ACROSS EUROPE • Europe was now divided into two political regions; a mostly democratic Western Europe and a communist Eastern Europe • In a 1946 speech, Churchill said, “An iron curtain has descended across the continent” • The phrase “iron curtain” came to stand for the division of Europe Churchill, right, in Fulton, Missouri delivering his “iron curtain” speech, 1946

20. Iron Curtain cartoon, 1946

21. B – What did Stalin do to make President Truman distrust him? • Stalin would not allow free elections in Eastern Europe.

22. SECTION 1 continuedTension Mounts • United States Establishes a Policy of • Containment • U.S. policy of containment—measures to prevent spread of communism • Churchill describes division of Europe as iron curtain NEXT

23. U.S. ESTABLISHES A POLICY OF CONTAINMENT • Faced with the Soviet threat, Truman decided it was time to “stop babying the Soviets” • In February 1946, George Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, proposed a policy of containment • Containment meant the U.S. would prevent any further extension of communist rule

24. SECTION 1 Cold War in Europe • The Truman Doctrine • 1945–1991 Cold War—conflict between U.S., U.S.S.R. • - neither nation directly confronts the other on battlefield • • Truman Doctrine—support against armed minorities, outsiders • • U.S. replaces British aid to Greece, Turkey; reduce communist threat NEXT

25. THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE • The American policy of “containment” soon expanded into a policy known as the Truman Doctrine” • This doctrine, first used in Greece and Turkey in the late 1940s, vowed to provide aid (money & military supplies) to support “free peoples who are resisting outside pressures” • By 1950, the U.S. had given $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey

26. GUIDED READING: EFFECT: U.S. Action • 1. The Truman administration established a policy of containment to block further Soviet expansion. CAUSE: Soviet Action Soviet leader Joseph Stalin refused free elections in Eastern Europe and set up satellite nations.

27. SECTION 1 Cold War in Europe • The Marshall Plan • 1947, Sec. of State George Marshall proposes aid to nations in need • • Marshall Plan revives 16 nations; Communist parties less appealing NEXT

28. THE MARSHALL PLAN • Post-war Europe was devastated economically • In June 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall proposed a U.S. aid package to European nations • Western Europe accepted the help, while Eastern Europe (read Stalin) rejected the aid • Over the next four years 16 European countries received $13 billion in U.S. aid • By 1952 Western Europe’s economy was flourishing The Marshall Plan helped Western Europe recover economically

29. Marshall Aid cartoon, 1947

30. Marshall Plan aid sent to European countries

31. GUIDED READING: EFFECT: U.S. Action • 2. The Truman Doctrine declared that the U.S. would support any free country that was resist a Communist takeover CAUSE: Soviet Action Soviet leader Joseph Stalin refused free elections in Eastern Europe and set up satellite nations.

32. C – What were Truman’s goals in establishing the policy of containment? • To stop spread of Soviet influence.

33. SECTION 1 Superpowers Struggle over Germany The Berlin Airlift • 1948, Stalin closes highway, rail routes into West Berlin • Berlin airlift—Britain, U.S. fly food, supplies into West Berlin • 1949, Stalin lifts blockade • Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic form NEXT

34. SUPERPOWERS STRUGGLE OVER GERMANY • At the end of the war, Germany was divided among the Allies into four zones for the purpose of occupation • The U.S, France, and Great Britain decided to combine their 3 zones into one zone – West Germany, or the federal Republic of Germany • The U.S.S.R. controlled East Germany, or the German Democratic Republic • Now the superpowers were occupying an area right next to each other – problems were bound to occur

35. BERLIN AIRLIFT – 1948 • When the Soviets attempted to block the three Western powers from access to Berlin in 1948, the 2.1 million residents of West Berlin had only enough food for five weeks, resulting in a dire situation Like the whole of Germany, the city of Berlin was divided into four zones

36. AMERICA & BRITAIN AIRLIFT SUPPLIES TO WEST BERLIN • Not wanting to invade and start a war with the Soviets, America and Britain started the Berlin airlift to fly supplies into West Berlin • For 327 days, planes took off and landed every few minutes, around the clock • In 277,000 flights, they brought in 2.3 million tons of food, fuel and medicine to the West Berliners

37. SOVIETS LIFT BLOCKADE • Realizing they were beaten and suffering a public relations nightmare, the Soviets lifted their blockade in May, 1949 On Christmas 1948, the plane crews brought gifts to West Berlin

38. D – What were the effects of the Berlin airlift? • It broke the Soviet blockade, • increased American prestige, • and reduced Soviet prestige.

39. GUIDED READING: EFFECT: U.S. Action • 3. The U.S. flew food and supplies into West Berlin during the Berlin airlift. CAUSE: Soviet Action Soviets blocked Berlin for almost a year.

40. SECTION 1 Superpowers Struggle over Germany • The NATO Alliance • Fear of Soviets leads to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • European nations, U.S., Canada pledge mutual military support NEXT

41. NATO FORMED • The Berlin blockade increased Western Europe’s fear of Soviet aggression • As a result, ten West European nations joined the U.S and Canada on April 4, 1949 to form a defensive alliance known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization The NATO flag

42. NATO AND THEIR COLONIES

43. EUROPE

44. GUIDED READING: EFFECT: U.S. Action • 4. The U.S. joined ten other Western European nations in creating NATO, a defensive military alliance. CAUSE: Soviet Action Soviets blocked Berlin for almost a year.

45. Guided Reading • COLD WAR • After WWII, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. soon viewed each other with increasing suspicion, their political differences created a climate of icy tension that plunged the two countries into an era of bitter rivalry known as the Cold War • Marshall Plan • An economic plan that helped Western Europe recover economically after WWII.