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Industrial Revolution

Explore the impact of the Industrial Revolution on economic development and the improvement of material conditions through the diffusion of knowledge and technology. Discover the major industrial centers and manufacturing regions that emerged during this period.

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Industrial Revolution

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  1. Industrial Revolution

  2. Economic Development (the process by which material conditions of a country’s people are improved. Occurs through the diffusion of knowledge and technology.)

  3. Industrial Revolution • The development of the secondary sector of the economy. • Improves the standard of living, only as it diffuses (expansion, hierarchical, usually) • Varies across time and space with resulting economic inequities

  4. Wealth of the World 1500 1900 1960 1990

  5. Rocket (train) • “Preindustrial World” • Industries did exist before the Ind. Rev. (e.g. carpenters, textiles, silver,…) • Cottage industries • The inventions/new technology and available natural resources are the stimulus for industrialization. • 18th Century marked by inventions • The inventions took time and money • Marked by a flow of capital due to colonies and global trade Steam engine Power loom Spinning jenny

  6. Transportation • England – 1st to industrialize • Groundbreaking transportation • 1825 - 1st railway • 1819 – 1st steam ship to cross Atlantic • Goods + skills + machines + transportation = Industrial leader • Developed canal system too!

  7. Diffuse to Mainland – by early 1800s • Same location principles apply • Proximity to coal • Connection via a water port • Why does location matter? • Variable costs • Friction of distance

  8. Major Industrial Centers before 1850 • Major Areas • Western & Central Europe • Eastern North America • Russia & the Ukraine • Eastern Asia

  9. Western and Central Europe

  10. North America: Rivals to Europe • DTM – as move into stage 2, population increases and rural agricultural labor moves to urban jobs • New York – great relative location, major break-of-bulk (e.g. ship-to-rail) port • N. Am. benefited from nat. resources, trans. networks, capital, and labor • Most of the rest of the world lagged far behind (exceptions: Ukraine, Australia,…)

  11. Major Manufacturing Regions of Russia

  12. Major Manufacturing Regions of East Asia

  13. Industrial Regions • Be ready to explain social and economic differences at a variety of scales. • Social = change from rural to urban, changes in family sizes, changes in role of women, changes in living quarters • Economic = changes in standard of living, changes in overall GDP, changes in economic sector, growth of urban areas, infrastructure

  14. how to measure development (the process by which material conditions of a country’s people are improved. Occurs through the diffusion of knowledge and technology.) • HDI (human development index) and • GINI (income inequality) and • GII (Gender Inequality Index) • = indicators that can help explain differences of development at a variety of scales • (other areas to also consider include reproductive health, GEM – gender empowerment measurement, participation of women in labor-market participation)

  15. By global region Arab states .54 East Asia .33 Europe .31 Latin America .41 South Asia .539 Sub Saharan .578 http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-4-gender-inequality-index Measures gender inequalities in three important aspects of human development— reproductive health measured by maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates; empowerment, measured by proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by females and proportion of adult females and males aged 25 years and older with at least some secondary education; and economic status expressed as labor market participation and measured by labor force participation rate of female and male populations aged 15 years and older. GII (Gender Inequality Index) 2013

  16. GII

  17. GINI Coefficient • Named for Corrado Gini, an Italian sociologist • Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measure of inequality. • A measure of zero = equal income • A measure of 1 would mean one person had all of the income, the rest with none

  18. GINI Coefficient • https://www.google.com/#q=gini+index

  19. Western Europe HDI: 0.93 GII: 0.31 Norway HDI 1 GII: 25.8 (.068) strong tradition of economic growth and development. Relied on colonization & imperialism for raw materials

  20. Industrial Regions • United Kingdom • Rhine-Ruhr Valley • Mid-Rhine • Northern Italy

  21. United Kingdom Industrial Revolution originated within the United Kingdom. majority of factories in UK survived WWII Because of outdated factories of production the UK has steadily been losing its comparative advantage to progressing nations.

  22. Rhine-Ruhr Valley Northwestern Germany, Belgium, France, and the Netherlands large coal and iron reservoirs leading to a massive steel, locomotive, machinery, and armament industry Creation of a major port due to a river; Rotterdam the largest port in Europe.

  23. Northern Italy region allowed for cheaper labor as well as hydroelectric power Major textile region emerging at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century

  24. Eastern Europe HDI: 0.80 Russian Fed GINI 40.1 GII 0.30 Distance Decay – the closer countries are to W. Europe, the better their economy Because of a slow transition Russia has been declining gradually across the years in HDI.

  25. Russian Industry Central Industrial district – oldest region located around Moscow. Chosen for its central location and population center. St. Petersburg Industrial district – major industry of shipbuilding and sea trading Volga Industrial district – large natural gas reservoirs with resources created that can be sent down the Volga river. Eastern Ukraine – large coal reserves and deposits of iron ore make this region the largest producer of cheap steel in Eastern Europe. Silesia – Poland and Czech Republic industrial section because of large coal deposits regardless of limited resource of iron ore. Ural industrial district – mineral rich sector heavily industrialized by the Russians. Remote access means energy resources must be shipped to this sector. Kuznetsk industrial district – large deposits of coal and iron leading to major steel productions within the region. Largest development East of the Ural Mountains.

  26. Ecological Disaster Eastern Europe: High levels of Sulfurous Oxide released from industrial centers have led to regions of dangerously high levels of Acid rain and pollution

  27. The Black Triangle Region in Eastern Europe of severe environmental damage due to over-industrialization pH measurements have been as low as 2.4 in this region (normal rain is 5.5) By product of the massive amount of industrialization byproduct released from industry within Germany.

  28. Black Triangle

  29. Conflict between EU and CIS CIS near constant state of economic hardship due to the flagging Russian economy Member states increasing interest in leaving CIS to apply for membership in the EU (ex. Georgia) Russia cannot afford to lose key trading partners which is resulting in strained relations within the CIS.

  30. Japan HDI: 0.94 Initially exploited its high population and low cost of production to get a foothold in the global economy. In the middle of the 20th century it switched to invest in education and specialized training in order to have a highly specialized workforce Investments in Japan focus on research and development with enormous budgets in these areas by both businesses and government aid. The emergence of service sectors and high tech industries (quaternary and quinary economic sectors) have transformed the economic landscape Think about location, pollution, standard of living for the labor force, education level…

  31. European Model Japan’s rapid industrial development was fueled by its early colonialism in Korea and Northern China (cheap labor) With the aid of US foreign investment coupled with preventionist policies for private business, Japan was able to recover from the destruction of World War II.

  32. Japan Today Japan has the 4th highest GDP at $5 trillion Japan is the leading producers of automobiles within the world.

  33. South Pacific HDI: 0.87 Economies are traditionally tied to the United Kingdom but have been increasing involvement with Asian nations. Major exporter of food and resources but limited in economic influence due to its periphery location

  34. East Asia HDI: 0.76 China GINI 73 GII 0.20 Chinese Economy (3rd in the world in GDP, 1/3 total world economic growth) Low wages of Chinese workers has resulted in lower international factory wages. China has an enormous demand on resources causing most industrial centers to be on the coast cutting cost of shipping supplies inland. China - forgo environmental regulations as well as expanding development within the interior of the country.

  35. Southeast Asia HDI: 0.58 Climate does not allow for traditional cultivation which has forced countries to be exporters of industrial goods Initially achieved high levels of development but due to corruption within the government foreign investment has decreased. The governments are now trying to draw investment back to the state at cost to its citizens

  36. Southeast Asia HDI: .58 • Outsourcing of industry from MDCs to LDCs in SE Asia is also transforming the economic landscape • Think loss of farmland, increased pollution, movement of labor and housing, infrastructure needed, types of buildings • Vietnam 35.6 GII 0.32

  37. Slide 36 India/China sector…slide 37 South Asia • (The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh gives microloans to small businesses, including female owned, to improve economic development. • Government initiatives at all levels also affect economic development (for example: birth control, education for girls, microloans, etc) • GII - South Asia .539 India 33.9 GII 0.56

  38. South Asia HDI: 0.58 Has high level of mineral resources but is hindered by its enormous population Produces a large supply of agricultural goods that usually lead to surplus; issues is these good are reliant on seasonal rains. India is a booming service economy. Telephone calling services have become a large part of the economy.

  39. Middle East HDI: 0.68 Egypt GINI 30.8 GII 0.58 only region in the world that enjoys trade surplus due to increased oil reserves struggles to balance economic development with cultural/religious beliefs

  40. Iran

  41. Middle East cont. Alternative Human Development Index Helps to explain how the Middle East lags in HDI Operates on three principles of the region Lack of Political Freedom Low levels of education and literacy rates Lack of opportunities for women

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