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APOPTOSIS

APOPTOSIS. What is it? Why is it important? How is it controlled? What is its role in age-related disease?. APOPTOSIS. Programmed cell death Orderly cellular self destruction Process: as crucial for survival of multi-cellular organisms as cell division MULTIPLE FORMS???.

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APOPTOSIS

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  1. APOPTOSIS What is it? Why is it important? How is it controlled? What is its role in age-related disease?

  2. APOPTOSIS Programmed cell death Orderly cellular self destruction Process: as crucial for survival of multi-cellular organisms as cell division MULTIPLE FORMS???

  3. Forms of cell death "Classic" Necrosis Apoptosis Mitotic catastrophe Passive Active Passive Pathological Physiological or Pathological pathological Swelling, lysis Condensation, Swelling, lysis cross-linking Dissipates Phagocytosed Dissipates Inflammation No inflammation Inflammation Externally induced Internally or Internally induced externally induced

  4. APOPTOSIS • Evolutionarily conserved • Occurs in all multicellular animals studies (plants too!) • Stages and genes conserved from nematodes (worms) • and flies to mice and humans

  5. STAGES OF CLASSIC APOPTOSIS Healthy cell DEATH SIGNAL (extrinsic or intrinsic) Commitment to die (reversible) EXECUTION (irreversible) Dead cell (condensed, crosslinked) ENGULFMENT (macrophages, neighboring cells) DEGRADATION

  6. STAGES OF CLASSIC APOPTOSIS Genetically controlled: Caenorhabditis elegans soil nematode (worm) ces2 ced9 ces1 ced3,4 Dead cell Healthy cell Committed cell BCL2 Caspases (proteases) C. elegans genes == mammalian genes

  7. Cells are balanced between life and death DAMAGE Physiological death signals DEATH SIGNAL ANTIAPOPTOTIC PROTEINS (dozens!) PROAPOPTOTIC PROTEINS (dozens!) DEATH

  8. APOPTOSIS: important in embryogenesis Morphogenesis (eliminates excess cells): Selection (eliminates non-functional cells):

  9. APOPTOSIS: important in embryogenesis Immunity (eliminates dangerous cells): Self antigen recognizing cell Organ size (eliminates excess cells):

  10. APOPTOSIS: important in adults Tissue remodeling (eliminates cells no longer needed): Apoptosis Involution (non-pregnant, non-lactating) Late pregnancy, lactation Virgin mammary gland - Testosterone Apoptosis Prostate gland

  11. APOPTOSIS: important in adults Tissue remodeling (eliminates cells no longer needed): Apoptosis + antigen (e.g. infection) - antigen (e.g. recovery) Resting lymphocytes Steroid immunosuppressants: kill lymphocytes by apoptosis Lymphocytes poised to die by apoptosis

  12. X APOPTOSIS: important in adults Maintains organ size and function: Apoptosis + cell division Cells lost by apoptosis are replaced by cell division (remember limited replicative potential of normal cells restricts how many times this can occur before tissue renewal declines)

  13. APOPTOSIS: control Receptor pathway (physiological): FAS ligand TNF Death receptors: (FAS, TNF-R, etc) Death domains Adaptor proteins Pro-caspase 8 (inactive) Caspase 8 (active) Pro-execution caspase (inactive) Execution caspase (active) MITOCHONDRIA Death

  14. APOPTOSIS: control Intrinsic pathway (damage): Mitochondria Cytochrome c release BAX BAK BOK BCL-Xs BAD BID B IK BIM NIP3 BNIP3 BCL-2 BCL-XL BCL-W MCL1 BFL1 DIVA NR-13 Several viral proteins Pro-caspase 9 cleavage Pro-execution caspase (3) cleavage Caspase (3) cleavage of cellular proteins, nuclease activation, etc. Death

  15. APOPTOSIS: control Physiological Intrinsic receptor pathway damage pathway MITOCHONDRIAL SIGNALS Caspase cleavage cascade Orderly cleavage of proteins and DNA CROSSLINKING OF CELL CORPSES; ENGULFMENT (no inflammation)

  16. APOPTOSIS: Role in Disease TOO MUCH: Tissue atrophy Neurodegeneration Thin skin etc TOO LITTLE: Hyperplasia Cancer Athersclerosis etc

  17. APOPTOSIS: Role in Disease Neurodegeneration Neurons are post-mitotic (cannot replace themselves; neuronal stem cell replacement is inefficient) Neuronal death caused by loss of proper connections, loss of proper growth factors (e.g. NGF), and/or damage (especially oxidative damage) Neuronal dysfunction or damage results in loss of synapses or loss of cell bodies (synaptosis, can be reversible; apopsosis, irreversible) PARKINSON'S DISEASE ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE etc.

  18. APOPTOSIS: Role in Disease Cancer Apoptosis eliminates damaged cells (damage => mutations => cancer Tumor suppressor p53 controls senescence and apoptosis responses to damage Most cancer cells are defective in apoptotic response (damaged, mutant cells survive) High levels of anti-apoptotic proteins or Low levels of pro-apoptotic proteins ===> CANCER

  19. APOPTOSIS: Role in Disease AGING Aging --> both too much and too little apoptosis (evidence for both) Too much (accumulated oxidative damage?) ---> tissue degeneration Too little (defective sensors, signals? ---> dysfunctional cells accumulate hyperplasia (precancerous lesions)

  20. OPTIMAL FUNCTION (HEALTH) APOPTOSIS AGING APOPTOSIS Neurodegeneration, cancer, …..

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