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Ch. 23 Europe Faces Revolutions

Ch. 23 Europe Faces Revolutions. Nationalism Develops. Nationalism and Nation-States Nationalism —loyalty to a nation rather than a king or empire0 Nation-State —nation with its own independent government 1815: Only France, England and Spain are nation-states

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Ch. 23 Europe Faces Revolutions

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  1. Ch. 23 Europe Faces Revolutions

  2. Nationalism Develops Nationalism and Nation-States • Nationalism—loyalty to a nation rather than a king or empire0 • Nation-State—nation with its own independent government • 1815: Only France, England and Spain are nation-states • Liberals and radicals support nationalism • 3 types of nationalist movements: Unification: Merges culturally similar lands Separation: Splits off culturally distinct groups State-building: Binds separate cultures into one

  3. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power • Greeks Gain Independence • Balkans—region controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s. • Rebel against Ottomans in 1821 • Popular support for revolution -Britain, France, and Russia contribute • 1830: Independence

  4. Continued • 1830s: Uprisings Crushed • Old order breaks down • Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists launch revolts • Mid-1830s: Conservatives back in control • 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite • Ethnic uprisings (Esp. in Austrian Empire) • Liberals hold power for short time, but conservative status-quo restored (Prussian and Austrian armies restore monarchy).

  5. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires • Austria • 1866: -Defeat in Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) -Hungarian nationalism -Empire split into Austria and Hungary -Still ruled by emperor • Russia • Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture • policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism

  6. Italian Unification • Camillo di Cavour—prime minister of Sardinia in 1852 -Wins Austrian-controlled Italian land -Helps nationalist rebels in southern Italy • Giuseppe Garibaldi -Red shirts -Victor Emmanuel rules as king after unification

  7. German Unification • Prussia Leads German Unification -Prussia has advantages that help it unify Germany -mainly German population -powerful army -liberal constitution • Bismarck -Junkers: Conservative wealthy landowners— support Prussian Wilhelm I -Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister -Realpolitik:powerpolitics without idealism -Bismarck defies Prussian parliament

  8. Continued • Prussia Expands -Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces • Seven Weeks War -Provoke war w/ Austria -Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany -Eastern and western Prussia joined • The Franco-Prussian War -Provoke war with France to unite all Germans -Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles -United Germany w/ Prussian dominance

  9. Effects • Balance Is Lost -In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe: • Austria • Prussia • Britain • France • Russia -By 1871, Britain and Germany more powerful -Austria and Russia weaker militarily and economically

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