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Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution. Chapter 22 Sec 1 . Origins. Agricultural Revolution Before 1600’s: 1600’s Enclosure Movement Fenced off plots or holdings combined later with larger, more efficient holdings Effects: Large land owners added to their holdings

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Industrial Revolution

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  1. Industrial Revolution Chapter 22 Sec 1

  2. Origins • Agricultural Revolution • Before 1600’s: • 1600’s Enclosure Movement • Fenced off plots or holdings combined later with larger, more efficient holdings • Effects: • Large land owners added to their holdings • Small-plot holders become tenant farmers • Common lands gone, individuals could do their own land experiments

  3. Jethro Tull– invented seed drill to plant seeds in a straight row without all the waste • Crop rotation – Charles Townsend found out if you plant different crops in the fields, the soils could still rebuild its nutrients • Iron Plows replaced wooden ones • Plows with replaceable blades • Farm machines replaced laborers • Laborers moved to the cities

  4. Industrial Revolution • Rapid industrial development • Great Britainhad all the factors of production needed • LAND – natural resources • Coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors • LABOR – large population • CAPITAL – tools, machinery equipment, inventory, money

  5. Textile Industry • Cloth • Higher population, higher demand • Mechanization – automatic machinery increases production quickly, more effectively • Each invention improved upon the previous invention to keep up with supply and demand

  6. Factory system develops • Workers put in a certain number of hours per day at a fixed rate • Cloth needs cotton • Eli Whitney invents cotton gin • Takes out seeds from fiber of cotton to produce more • Increases slave labor

  7. STEAM • More efficient because not all factories would need to be built buy a river • Steam more efficient • Iron couldn’t hold heat, steel could but making steel is expensive • Bessemer Process • Cheaper • Inject air into molten iron to clean impurities

  8. Other Industrialization • Shoes, clothing, ammunition, furniture, printing, paper-making, lumber, food processing • Charles Goodyear – • Vulcanization, made rubber less sticky

  9. Transportation • Stone roadways, canals • Robert Fulton – 1st profitable steamboat across Hudson River in New York • Travel across Atlantic in 17 days • Communication • Battery, Alessandro Volta • Samuel Morse – telegraph connected country

  10. http://morsecode.scphillips.com/jtranslator.html

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  12. Spread of Industry • Great Britain – primed and pumped • France – WARS • Germany – lacked strong central government until around 1870 • United States • Strong central government • Rich natural resources • Increasing population/increasing market • Transcontinental Railroad

  13. Section 2

  14. Factory System • Employers wanted people to simple tasks • didn’t want skilled workers? • Women and children work for less pay

  15. Wage System • Varied based on supply and demand • The less demand, less pay • Factory work • Parliament passes laws to protect children • By 1915 in United States • Middle class emerges • Respected • Not nobility • politics

  16. Women’s roles • Come out of the house • Women’s “jobs” emerge • Secretaries • Teachers • Switchboard operators • Higher education • All female colleges • What is going to happen as a result?

  17. Section 3--Capitalism • Capitalism – economic system in which individuals or corporations, rather than governments, control the factors of production • Commercial capitalism – merchants who bought and sold goods • Industrial capitalism – production and manufacturing of goods

  18. Division of Labor • Division of Labor – divided manufacturing process into steps • Eli Whitney • Invented machines that made parts the same • Interchangeable parts • Assembly Line • System of producing large numbers of identical items • Different parts made elsewhere then brought together to produce in a plant/factory

  19. Henry Ford – saw great potential in the assembly line • Corporations – groups formed by businesses and allowed people to buy stock • 1901 – J.P. Morgan founded U.S. Steel Corporation • One of the first billion dollar corporations

  20. Monopoly – corporations gained almost complete control of production or sale of a single good or service • Cartel – several corporations that combined to control every stage of entire industries • Business cycle – pattern of alternating periods of prosperity and decline

  21. Section 4 – Living & Working Conditions • Economic Theories • Physiocrats believed natural laws should be left to govern economic life • Free-Enterprise • Economic forces worked automatically and naturally • Justified competition unrestricted by laws, regulations, or government controls

  22. Laissez-Faire • Buy labor as cheaply as possible • Government does not meddle in the operations of business • French for “let it be” or “leave things alone”

  23. Reformers • Humanitarians – people who work to improve the conditions of others • Urged reform • Utilitarianism – argued laws useful and therefore good • Greater happiness for the greatest number of people • People should be educated • Reform in justice and prison systems

  24. Reform Laws • Shorter works hours • Improved conditions • Children • Still allowed to work • Shortened number of hours • Difficult to enforce

  25. Wages? • Strikes • When a large group of workers stop working • List of demands • Unions • Organized worker associations • Collect dues to pay workers when on strike • Collective Bargaining • Process of negotiation between companies and workers

  26. Section 5/Socialism • In Socialism, governments own the means of production and operate for the benefit of all people, rich and poor • Laissez-faire/capitalism • Some very wealthy • Many remained poor Some thought not the best form of government

  27. Karl Marx • Believed capitalist system should be destroyed • Friedrich Engels and Marx published • “The Communist Manifesto” – 1848 • Said the working class (Proletariat) would have to seize power by force against capitalists and revolt • Communism – complete class-less society • Authoritarian Socialism • Democratic Socialism – people retain partial control over economic planning through election of government officials

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