Non Gaussian Noise in Quantum Wells Answers and UPON Questions

1. Soreq Non Gaussian Noise in Quantum Wells Answers and UPON Questions Yossi Paltiel and Grzegorz Jung Solid State Physics Group, Soreq NRC Department of Physics, Ben Gurion University

2. Contents • Quantum wells and QWIPs • Noise in wells • Non Gaussian noise in wells • Our simple model (what we think we understand) • UPON Open issues This work is a part of M.Sc. thesis of Noam Snapy and Avi Ben Simon

3. h Lw Quantum well infrared photodetectors QWIPs The detection of different wavelengths can be easily controlled by changing the well width Lw, and the energy barrier height h. h - barrier height, changes with Al concentration Lw - width of the well, changes with the thickness of the layer Quantum well E = hν Photon excites an electron to produce a measurable current Voltage bias e- x50 m* effective mass, n - an integer

4. Continuum - - - Conduction band (a) (b) Energy Bound state (c) Z Current Transport in QWs (a) Thermionic emission (b)Thermally assisted tunneling (c) Ground state sequential tunneling (d) photocurrent (d) Mechanisms contributing charge carriers to the current flow in the conduction band. Doping can be n or p

5. Noise in QWs • Generation-recombination (GR) noise is accepted as the dominant noise source in bound to continuum QWs. • GR noise is Gaussian. • A general theoretical formula for the PSD of the GR noise at low frequencies was provided by Beck: Shot noise GR noise

6. Lorentzian power spectral density of the GR noise is frequency independent up to a cutoff frequency, located in the GHz range, above which it decays as 1/f2 Noise one expects to see in quantum wells Gaussian noise…and white noise at low frequencies

7. AlGaAs GaAs Measurement system Computer Grounded Out shield Blackbody radiation Shielded Dewar grounded to TI 77K Kithley 6487 picoampermeter Home made or Femto transimpedance amplifier Dual channel spectrum analyzer SR785 Battery Our samples system consist of 5 wells with the same structure in both n and p type QWIP Structure GaAs semi insulating substrate p+ GaAs Buffer 500 nm 2 x 1018 cm-3 GaAs Spacer 100 nm undoped Barrier AlGaAs 30% 50 nm undoped QW GaAs p+ 4.6 nm 5 x 1017 cm-3 Barrier AlGaAs 30% 50 nm undoped GaAs Spacer 100 nm undoped p+ GaAs contact 500 nm 2 x 1018 cm-3

8. PSD of n and p-QWs at 77K p type wells n type wells Going to 1/f2 AT LOW FREQUENCIESin both cases – Open question The high frequency plateau represents the GR noise level, while the low frequency plateau represents the excess noise. Additional noise at certain voltages

9. Time Domain Measurements in p-QWs T=77 K RTN -like noise Gaussian noise Discreet noise ??? Non Gaussian noise appears at intermediate bias levels

10. Time domain analysis

11. Normalized skewness of the noise The amount of asymmetry in the noise amplitude distribution is characterized by the third moment, skewness. P type N type Gaussian noise has no third moment – non Gaussian noise

12. Trying to understand… • New type of noise in quantum wells. • Appears in both n-type and p-type wells. More pronounced in p-type systems. • Lorenzian spectra with the cutoff at low frequencies. • Non Gaussian.

13. I-V for n- and p-QWs non exponential increase of the current n-type QWs : Characterized by very low capture probability, therefore more widely used in devices. p-type QWs: Characterized by very high capture probability. Strong tunneling effects.

14. Low frequency cutoff p type Frequency domain: Bias dependence of the cut-off frequency determined from the spectra. Dark current noise spectrum for different positive voltages at 77K. Exponential growth with different exponents a = 0.6 and a = 1.45 below and above 2.5 V, respectively.

15. Non Gaussian noise level and I-V Gain the probability for electron to be collected There is a clear correlation between I-V shape and noise levels

16. Non Gaussian noise in N-type wells vs. I-V

17. Conclusions so far… • Experiments suggest the same, or at least very similar, mechanism of excess non-Gaussian current noise in n and p-QWs. But is it true? • Non Gaussian noise can be associated with two, or more, possible solutions to the current continuity equation. • Each solution is associated with a different potential distribution, corresponding to a different resistance, and consequently different currents flowing in the system at the same voltage bias. • The potential distributions are metastable and random switching between them results in non-Gaussian excess current noise.

18. Simple model

19. Possible mechanisms for NDR • N type: • Intervallic scattering • Impact ionization • P type: • Different tunnel rate of light and heavy holes ? • Impact ionization

20. Intervalley scattering“Quantum Gunn effect” • NDC in bulk GaAs appears as a result of intervalley scattering between Γ, L and X conduction energy subbands. • In n-QWs, at intermediate voltages under illumination, intervalley scattering results in current plateau and NDC in the homogenic equation of the current. • The homogenic equation is composed of the dark current and the photocurrent.

21. Open questions • Difference between N and P • P more pronounced • Random telegraph noise only in P wells • Difference in high moments • Due to difference in capture probability? Light/heavy holes? • Discreet levels of noise – no real explanation • No real match between I-V kink and noise kink in p type • 5 wells system • Difference between dark and under illumination noise

22. Summary • Non Gaussian noise in both n and p type wells • More preannounce in P type wells • Attributed to nonlinear I-V and gain • Two solutions to the continuity equation allow existence of metastable voltage states • Some open questions; your suggestions are welcomed!

23. Au Au 5nm GaAs 50nm n-GaAs AlGaAs semi-insulating GaAs semi-insulating substrate GaAs Nanodots crackling noise? internal avalanche dynamics with widely distributed amplitudes crackling noise Crackling avalanche noise as measured in transport through transistor coupled to a nanodots system

24. Gaussian noise The most familiar functions characterizing noise records of some variable x( t ) are: two-point correlation function power spectral density Mathematically, Gaussianity means that every multipoint correlation function can be obtained by summing all factorizations into two-point products, each of which is replaced by the two-point correlation. For example, assuming <x>=0, For Gaussian noise all higher order time correlation functions and any of their Fourier relatives are fully determined by S(w).

25. In the non-Gaussian noise higher moments are important and proper analysis requires measurements of multipoint correlations: Non-Gaussian noise • All the information contained in a record of a Gaussian noise is obtainable from S(w). For Gaussian systems all the information can be obtained from the response measurements. • Only non-Gaussian fluctuations provide information which is not available otherwise. • Just the mere non-Gaussian character of the noise indicates that it cannot be due to a combined action of many elementary fluctuators. Random Telegraph Noise Where: τup and τdown are the average life times at the up and down levels respectively.

26. Proposed model Two voltage distributions I I in w p ~1 2 QWs c I in P I c in (1-P )I L E +L E =V c in E p 1 p 2 I 1 LogI µ w E =V/L -E p <<1 in 1 p 2 1 QW c LogI µ E E w 2 2 I =P I w c in L L p p No NDC With NDC I I P I P I w w I I c in c in w w "up" state Single "dn" state State E E 2 2