Grammar in Context 2 Chapter 5

1. Grammar in Context 2Chapter 5 Nouns – Count & Non-Count Plural Regular & Irregular

2. Regular Nouns Plural Endings • Ends in Vowel add “s” • Bees, bananas, pies, snakes, • Ends in Consonant add “s” • Balls, cats, pots, months, stars. • Ends in /s/ type sound – s, ss, sh, ch, x, z  add “es” • Churches, dishes, boxes, patches, messes

3. Ends in Vowel + y add “s” • Toys, boys, days, trays. • Consonant + y y becomes “i” + add es • Ladies, fairies, ferries, parties, cherries. • Vowel + o  add “s” • Patios, radios, stereos, videos. • Consonant + o  add “es” • Mosquitoes, potatoes, tomatoes, heroes. • (exceptions) photos, pianos, solos, altos, sopranos, autos, avocados

4. Ends in f or fe f becomes ves. • Knife  knives • Leaf  leaves • Calf  calves • Life  lives • Exceptions • Belief  beliefs • Chief  chiefs • Roof  roofs • Cliff  cliffs • Chef  chefs • Sherrif  sherrifs

5. Rules – stay singular • Singular nouns that end in “s” don’t have plurals • News is, mathematics is, politics is • Numbers don’t go plural • Ten thousand (not thousands) • Two million (not millions)

6. Rules -- Plural • When estimating, approximating • Fifties, sixties, seventies • Some words only have plurals • Pajamas, pants, slacks, eyeglasses, scissors • Irregular plural nouns • Some singular and plural forms are the same • Sheep, fish, deer • Some irregular plurals just change the vowel sound • Manmenwomanwomenfootfeet • Goosegeesemousemicetoothteeth • Some irregular nouns change most of their form • Childchildrenpersonpeople

7. Non-count Nouns • When it would be crazy or impossible to count something we look at the whole, thus we call it a non-count noun. Non-count nouns don’t have a plural (or the plural is used in a very special, unique way) • Milk, oil, wine, yogurt, bread, electricity, lightning, thunder, blood, air, hair, rice, sugar, salt, popcorn, snow, sand, corn, grass. • I see some green grass • Exception—We sell many varieties of grasses (blue fescu, etc.) • Exception –- there are 3 hairs growing out of his mole. • Non-count nouns will use a unit of measurement to indicate quantity e.g. one cup of milk, one bottle of wine, one pound of rice, one teaspoon of salt.

8. Non-Count Nouns Continued • Categories – when the parts of the category or unique/different things • Cash/Money (pennies, nickles, dimes, quarters) • Food (vegetables, cheeses, bread, meat) • Clothing (pants, tops, scarves, shoes) • Abstract Concepts love, life, happiness, music, information, work, health, noise, energy, poverty, fun, luck, beauty. • School Subjects History, chemistry, physics, physical education, grammar, geometry, biology, mathematics.

9. There + a form of “Be” • To introduce a new noun (count or non-count) in a paragraph or piece of writing use “there + a form of be” • There is a piece of chalk on the floor. • There are 2 beds in the room. • There will be thunder and lightening tomorrow. • There is a lot of grass on your shoes.

10. Quantifiers • Quantifiers are adjectives that modify the noun and help say how many. • Some, any, a, an, or no • --use affirmative verb with no “He has no time”. For negative – He hasn’t any time. • Much (non-count nouns, ?s, and negatives), many (count nouns), a lot of (affirmatives) • Avoid much in affirmative statements • A few, very few, a little, very little, several • Use little with non-count nouns • The difference between “a few…” and “few” when you leave out the article you emphasize the negative e.g. I have a few friends (means I have 3 or 4). I have very few friends (means I don’t have many maybe just 2 or 3 unlike most people who have many) • Use “very” to emphasis the negative quantity even more • Too, too much, too many

11. Editing Advice – see p. 129 • Make your own notes from page 129. Make sure you reword the examples to make your own.

12. Seatwork • Ex 1, 2 (all – answers) • Ex 3 find 10 nouns in the article and label them count or noncount • Ex 4, 5 (all – answers) • Ex 7 & 9 (all – answers) • Ex 10, 11 (all – answers) • Ex 16, 17, 18, 19 (all – answers) • P. 128 Writing exercise #2 (remember must use quantifiers).